介入研究:發展與評估
Intervention research: Design and development for human services
| 節 | 週二 |
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7 15:30–16:20 | 介入研究:發展與評估 YN613 3 節連堂 |
8 16:30–17:20 | |
9 17:30–18:20 |
* 根據陽明交大上課時間表所列
宗旨:介入研究(Intervention Research; 簡稱IR),是一種研究典範 (research paradigm) ,而非一種研究方法(research methods),強調建基於服務工作者、政策倡議者或其他助人單位的行動,與服務使用者或是相關單位共事,目的在增強或維護個人、家庭、團體、社區或人群的功能與福祉;因此介入研究目的就是在創新、發展、檢測新的助人服務方法與措施,確保介入的方案與措施的責信(accountability, 有效性、可行性),以提升個人、家庭、團體、社區或人群之福祉 。因此,介入研究在社會工作實務(兒童少年、受暴婦女、高危險家庭介入)、健康照護(長照服務方案)治療 (新的復建方案)、教育等廣為採用。 介入研究典範可以是針對某一服務單位得服務使用者發展方案並進行評估 (如受暴婦女得團體方案,周月清,2002),也可以是針對某一個重大國家政策或發展一個介入方法,譬如大到規劃長照政策,及社工實務使用之 Task-centered approach ,就是使用此典範發展出來。 目的:介入研究又稱為發展性研究(Developmental Research),目的主要是發展並檢驗新的介入方法或人類服務工作的服務策略或政策,意涵大過於知識上的推論,它的產物重要的不是一個研究報告,而是一個針對當地、當事人 (meet with local context and needs of the service users) 服務模式或政策/措施;即針對特別環境文化下案主群的需要 ,發展一套有效的介入服務方案或措施;其是不同於其他之傳統研究法(Rothman,1980; Thomas,1984),是建立在檢測及修正工作上,及以實務評估為基礎 (practice-based/evidence –based and research-based) 的服務方法或措施,最終目的在於實務工作上或政策修擬的運用。 發展性研究〈Development Research〉亦稱為 D & D (Design & Development)研究(Reid , 1995),強調設計及發展,強調發展新方案、新措施,目的在使用有系統的方法創新(innovation)、檢測(test)、修正(modification)及擴大(Diffusion)使用(utilization)(Reid ,1995 ; Thomas,1987; Thomas & Rothman, 1994)。 研究步驟:介入研究和介入服務或政策發展完全結合,含三步驟:(1)服務使用者需求的評量 (needs assessment): 需求探討與方案設計,資料收集及整合,(2)方案或政策的發展 (intervention design/development)--方案設計或改變的措施,(3)方案或政策有效及可行性的評估 (program evaluation)—含方案初次發展與初次檢測(pilot test)以及方案評估與進一步發展(即為方案修正; main-field test); 同時修正之後,擴散廣為使用(dissemination) (Rothman, 1995)。 針對 needs assessment and program evaluation, 使用各種研究設計。譬如針對needs assessment 可以是以調查研究或是質性方法收集資料,或是採用existing data ,或已發表的文獻、與各種資料 (一般IR採用多元資料 , triangulation methods),目的針對服務使用者需求的瞭解,作為第二個步驟發展方案或措施之基礎。方案評估(program evaluation)亦同,含括結果評估、過程評估,可以使用多元方法及研究設計收集資料。 研究面向:五種不同的介入研究面向:(1)瞭解議題探索需求,以發展介入方案或措施,(2)協助過程的研究,(3)與機構接觸長期觀察服務使用者的研究,(4)有系統的設計及發展介入方案的研究,(5)針對機構或社區合作,從事實驗、檢視臨床及社會改變的研究。 本課程除介紹IR,結合當下 inclusive research and emancipatory research (解放學研究—服務使用者參與),以機構(服務單位)為基礎的研究,結合健康與社會服務,以課程講師國科會正在進行研究即國去發表相關期刊文章、國內正在發展長照服務、正在執行ICF新制評估 、國內相關老人、身心障礙、青少年、兒童、危機家庭介入等為案例,並且結合修課同學有興趣之議題和服務對象作為課程教學與討論之案例,同時含研究倫理的討論。 主要包括三部分:needs assessment, program development and program evaluation; 同時介紹 IR主要使用的研究設計,含隨機分派、實驗設計、準實驗設計、單案系統設計(single system design) 及量化與質性資料的整合使用 (quantitative and qualitative mixed research methods) 等。
這門課是針對博士班同學設計 (十分歡迎對社會/照顧服務方案創新與方案評估有興趣碩班同學選修),以促進其針對某一服務對象具備社會需求探索、介入方案與措施發展與評估之研究知識與能力。包括以下幾點: 1. 針對某一服務對象,確認分析其社會需求,且察覺其中相關影響因素,年齡、階級、文化、性別、語言、性傾向、身心障礙、宗教、族群等; 2. 整合相關理論、實證研究發現、實務知識,發展介入方案或措施; 3. 進行介入方案或措施執行與介入目標確認; 4. 介入方案評估研究設計與執行; 5. 隨機分派(randomization)、實驗研究設計、準實驗設計、單案系統設計得運用; 6. 質性方法運用在方案發展與評估。
1.上課參與: 10% 2.導讀: 20% 3.needs assessment : 10% 4.intervention design and development: 10% 5.intervention manual: 10% 6.intervention evaluation: 10% 7.intervention research proposal oral presentation: 10% 8.intervention research proposal written paper: 20%
| 週次 | 主題 |
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| 第 1 週 | Course introduction— 教師分享介入研究的相關文章、當下國內相關方案 周月清。(1997); 周月清等(2001, 2002, 2004),每位同學分享上課的期待 Homework: 找一個自己可以做介入研究的題材/過去曾經參與方案的經驗 (find 5 articles)Course introduction |
| 第 2 週 | 中秋節Overview: Intervention Research and Development (R and D): three stages: Needs assessment, intervention development, program evaluation Readings: Bailey-Dempsey, C., & Reid, W. J. (1996) Rothman, J. (2014). |
| 第 3 週 | Overview: Intervention Research and Development (R and D): three stages: Needs assessment, intervention development, program evaluation Readings: Rothman, J. (2014) (lecture from Chou)/ppt will be delivered Chou et al. (2019, 2020) 同學分享自己的主題之一Steps of intervention research Readings: Fraser et al. (2010) 周月清。(1997); 周月清等(2001, 2002, 2004), Chou et al. (2019a, 2019b) |
| 第 4 週 | Steps of intervention research Readings: Fraser et al. (2010) (lecture from Chou) /ppt will be delivered 同學分享自己的主題之二Intervention methods Developing intervention research programs in social work/ human services Needs based and Agency-based research Readings: Block, 2012—knowledge development/needs assessment/culture |
| 第 5 週 | Intervention methods Developing intervention research programs in human services Needs based and Agency-based research Readings: Block, 2012—knowledge development/needs assessment/culture (?) 作業一:A proposal of needs assessment: 選一個服務對象,提出需求評量的計劃書 (1-3 pages or PPT)。(due 5th week) Analysis and Generalization Readings: Hill (2012)—qualitative |
| 第 6 週 | Analysis and Generalization (方案創新/發展) Readings: Hill (2012)—qualitative (?) Pilot test and main-field test Readings: Williams et al., 2012—qualitative Macy et al., 2013—quantitative |
| 第 7 週 | Pilot test and main-field test Readings: Williams et al., 2012—qualitative Macy et al., 2013—quantitative 作業二:Following the first assignment, as above, design and development of an intervention/program. (1-3 pages or PPT) (due 8th week) 同學報告 Pilot test and main-field test Readings: Williams et al., 2012—qualitative Macy et al., 2013—quantitative |
| 第 8 週 | Pilot test and main-field test Readings: Williams et al., 2012—qualitative Macy et al., 2013—quantitative 作業二:Following the first assignment, as above, design and development of an intervention/program. (1-3 pages or PPT) (due 8th week) 同學報告 Evaluation: Effectiveness of social work intervention research: Internal versus external evaluations. Readings: Stanhope, 2012—qualitative/ethnography Leung, Tsang, & Heung, (2014)—quantitative --HK— Brendel & Maynard (2013)—meta analysis |
| 第 9 週 | Evaluation: Readings: Stanhope, 2012—qualitative/ethnography Leung, Tsang, & Heung, (2014)—quantitative –HK (?) Evaluation: Effectiveness of social work intervention research: Internal versus external evaluations. Readings: Stanhope, 2012—qualitative/ethnography Leung, Tsang, & Heung, (2014)—quantitative --HK— Brendel & Maynard (2013)—meta analysis |
| 第 10 週 | 實驗設計:Overview of Types of Validity – Causal Connections ‧ _Assessing the validity of causal inferences ‧ _A typology of validity Statistical conclusion validity Internal validity Construct validity External validity Readings: Rubin, A. (2008/2011) (lecture from Chou) /ppt will be delivered 作業三:Based on the intervention design and development as above, draft an intervention manual. (5 pages) (due 10th week) Overview of Types of Validity – Causal Connections ‧ _Assessing the validity of causal inferences ‧ _A typology of validity Statistical conclusion validity Internal validity Construct validity External validity Readings: Rubin, A. (2008/2011). |
| 第 11 週 | Causality & Inference in Experimental & Quasi-Experimental Designs Experimental Designs:團體實驗設計 Rationale, Recruitment, Types of Randomization, Program Implementation, Attrition, and Missingness ‧ _Theory of random assignment ‧ _Designs with random assignment ‧ _Conditions conducive to random assignment ‧ _Recruiting participants to be in experiments ‧ _Improving the random assignment process with matching ‧ _Inducing and measuring implementation ‧ _Matching with propensity scores Criteria for inferring causality; Internal and external validity Correlational designs and experimental designs (begin) Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 10: Experiments and quasi-experiments (pp. 155-176) (lecture from Chou) /ppt will be delivered Overview of Types of Validity – Causal Connections ‧ _Assessing the validity of causal inferences ‧ _A typology of validity Statistical conclusion validity Internal validity Construct validity External validity Readings: Rubin, A. (2008/2011). |
| 第 12 週 | 單案實驗設計 Single case designs: A tool for direct practice evaluation Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 11: Single-case evaluation designs (pp. 177-198) Bradshaw, W., & Roseborough, D. (2004). Raghavendra et al. 2018-(Xinyu has read) 周月清等(2002)(lecture from Chou) /ppt will be delivered Causality & Inference in Experimental & Quasi-Experimental Designs Experimental Designs Rationale, Recruitment, Types of Randomization, Program Implementation, Attrition, and Missingness ‧ _Theory of random assignment ‧ _Designs with random assignment ‧ _Conditions conducive to random assignment ‧ _Recruiting participants to be in experiments ‧ _Improving the random assignment process with matching ‧ _Inducing and measuring implementation ‧ _Matching with propensity scores Criteria for inferring causality; Internal and external validity Correlational designs and experimental designs (begin) Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 10: Experiments and quasi-experiments (pp. 155-176) |
| 第 13 週 | 作業四:A proposal of the intervention evaluation. (1 pages/ppt) (due 13th week) Causality & Inference in Experimental & Quasi-Experimental Designs Experimental Designs Rationale, Recruitment, Types of Randomization, Program Implementation, Attrition, and Missingness ‧ _Theory of random assignment ‧ _Designs with random assignment ‧ _Conditions conducive to random assignment ‧ _Recruiting participants to be in experiments ‧ _Improving the random assignment process with matching ‧ _Inducing and measuring implementation ‧ _Matching with propensity scores Criteria for inferring causality; Internal and external validity Correlational designs and experimental designs (begin) Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 10: Experiments and quasi-experiments (pp. 155-176) |
| 第 14 週 | 混合研究設計:Qualitative and Mixed Method Research Approaches Principles and strategies of qualitative and mixed-method research; key qualitative approaches Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 13: Additional methods in qualitative inquiry (pp. 215-236) Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 14: Analyzing available records: Quantitative & qualitative methods (pp. 237-251) Gilgun, J. F., & Sands, R. G. (2012). (lecture from Chou) /ppt will be delivered Single case designs: A tool for direct practice evaluation Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 11: Single-case evaluation designs (pp. 177-198) Bradshaw, W., & Roseborough, D. (2004). 周月清等(2002) |
| 第 15 週 | 融入研究Included research/emancipatory research/user –based research Readings: Chou et al. 2020 Ethical issues in intervention research Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) (lecture from Chou) /ppt will be delivered Qualitative and Mixed Method Research Approaches Principles and strategies of qualitative and mixed-method research; key qualitative approaches Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 13: Additional methods in qualitative inquiry (pp. 215-236) Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 14: Analyzing available records: Quantitative & qualitative methods (pp. 237-251) Gilgun, J. F., & Sands, R. G. (2012). Bergman, 2010 (delete this article—too abstract) |
| 第 16 週 | 同學口頭報告 (final –proposal) Qualitative and Mixed Method Research Approaches Principles and strategies of qualitative and mixed-method research; key qualitative approaches Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 13: Additional methods in qualitative inquiry (pp. 215-236) Rubin & Babbie (2013) Chapter 14: Analyzing available records: Quantitative & qualitative methods (pp. 237-251) Gilgun, J. F., & Sands, R. G. (2012). Bergman, 2010 (delete this article—too abstract) |
| 第 17 週 | 彈性教學 Included research/emancipatory research/user –based research Readings: Oliver (1997) Ethical issues in intervention research Readings: Rubin & Babbie (2013) |
| 第 18 週 | 彈性教學Final assignment –student presentation 期末考週 |
Required Book chapters and Journal Articles : Books Thomas, E. J., & Rothman, J. (Eds.) (2009). Intervention Research: Design and Development for Human Service. NY: Routledge. Fraser, M. W., Richman, J. M., Galinsky, M. J., & Day, S. H. (2009). Intervention research: Developing social programs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Rubin, R. & Babbie, E. R. (2013). Essential research methods for social work (3rd ed). Belmont, CA: Brooks-Cole. Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D.T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. Rubin, A. (2011). Practitioner’s guide to using research for evidence-based practice. NY: Wiley. Khan, S., & Fisher, D. R. (2013). The practice of research: How social scientists answer their questions. Oxford: Oxford. Journal articles Bailey-Dempsey, C., & Reid, W. J. (1996). Intervention Design and Development: A Case Study. Research on Social Work Practice, 6(2), 208-228. Bradshaw, W., & Roseborough, D. (2004). Evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment of residual symptoms and impairment in schizophrenia: Research on Social Work Practice, 14 (2), 112-120. Fraser, M. W., & Galinsky, M. J. (2010). Steps in Intervention Research: Designing and Developing Social Programs. Research on Social Work Practice, 20: 459-466. Gilgun, J. F., & Sands, R. G. (2012). The contribution of qualitative approaches to developmental intervention research. Qualitative Social Work, 11(4): 349–361. (already got the pdf) Rothman, J. (2014). Intervention Research. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from: http://www2.uncp.edu/home/marson/intervention-research.html 參考資料: 周月清介入研究已經出版相關文章: Chou, Y.-C., Lu, Z.-Y., Chen, B.-W., & Lin, C.-J. (2019a). Awareness of sexual rights and empowerment: Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of a sexual health intervention for adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Sex Research, on line. DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1629383 IF: 2.921 (Social Science / Interdisciplinary, 7/98)[SSCI/Q1] Chou, Y. C., Lu, Z. Y. J., Chen, B. W., & Lin, C. J. (2019b). ‘Transformed rights’ sexual health programme evaluation for the parents and service workers of adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 1125-1136. doi.org/10.1111/jir.12624 [SSCI/Q1] 周月清、盧孳艷、林純真。(2015)。「促進服務使用者性健康與生活品質介入方案」操作手冊:智青、家長、工作者 (NSC 101-2410-H-010 -003 -SS3 )(2012/08/01~2015/07/31) 周月清、盧孳艷、林純真。(2015)。「促進智障者性健康照護:智障者、父母及專業者介入方案發展與評估」三年研究成果報告。(NSC 101-2410-H-010 -003 -SS3 ) 周月清。(2004)。社會工作研究法教學與學生學習成果評估─以東吳大學社工系碩士班課程為例。東吳大學社會工作學報,11,39-87。 周月清、李淑玲、徐于蘋。(2002)。受暴婦女團體工作發展與評估-以台北市新女性聯合會方案為例。台大社會工作學刊,7, 59-125。 周月清、朱鳳英、許昭瑜、劉玉珊、蔡秀妹、黃鈴雅、黃淑文。(2001)。協助拒絕接受服務之家庭進入早療體系-方案發展與評估。台大社會工作學刊,4, 97-161。 周月清。(1997)。 服務模式之發展及檢驗—以智障者家庭服務為例。當代社會工作學刊,3,1-48。 Chou, Y. C. (1992). Developing and Testing an Intervention Services for Assisting Taiwanese Families Who Have a Child with Developmental Disabilities. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota. )(周月清 博士論文--發展及測量一套服務方案協助臺灣有心智障礙者家庭。) 周月清方案評估相關研究: Chou, Y. C.*, & Kroger, T. (2017). Application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in Taiwan: Victory of the medical model. Disability & Society, 32(7), 1043-1064. DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2017.1331836 Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Lee, Yue-Chune, Chang, Shu-chuann & Yu, Amy Pei-Lung. (2013). Evaluating the Supports Intensity Scale as a potential assessment instrument for resource allocation for persons with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 2056-2063. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Harman, Anthony D., Lin, Chwen-Jen, Wan-ping, Lee, Shu-chuan & Lin, Mei-Ling (2011). Outcome Evaluation of Active Support Training in Taiwan. Research in Developmental Disabilities (RIDD), 32, 1130-1136. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Pu, Cheng-yun, Kroger, Teppo, Lee, Wan-ping & Chang, Shu-chuan (2011). Outcomes of a new residential scheme for adults with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan: a 2-year follow-up. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research (JIDR), 55, 823-831 Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Kroger, Teppo & Lee, Yue-Chune (2010). Predictors of job satisfaction among staff in residential settings for persons with intellectual disabilities: a comparison between three residential models. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23, 279-289. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Tzou, Ping-Yi, Pu, Cheng-yun, Kroger, Teppo & Lee, Wan-ping (2008). Respite care as community care Service: Factors associated with the effects on family carers of adults with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability (JIDD), 33(1), 12-21. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Lin, Li-Chan, Pu, Cheng-yun, Lee, Wan-ping & Chang, Shu-chuan (2008). Outcomes and Costs of Residential Services for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities in Taiwan: a Comparative Evaluation. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities (JARID), 21, 114-125. 周月清、李婉萍、張意才。(2007)。住民社區居住與生活參與、選擇與自主:以台灣六個團體家庭成年智障者為例。東吳大學社會工作學報,16,37-78。 周月清、鄒平儀。(2004)。成年心智障礙者及其主要照顧者使用臨托服務影響之研究。社會政策與社會工作學刊,8(2),39-82。(TSSCI) 周月清。(2004)。社會工作研究法教學與學生學習成果評估─以東吳大學社工系碩士班課程為例。東吳大學社會工作學報,11,39-87。 周月清、許昭瑜。(2004)。醫療模式抑或社會模式—早期療育個案管理實例研探。國立政治大學社會學報,36, 113-147。 Social intervention articles: Bender, K., Altschul, I., Yoder, J. Parrish, D., & Sarah J. Nickels, S. J. (2013). Training Social Work Graduate Students in the Evidence-Based Practice Process, Research on Social Work Practice, 24 (3), 339-348. Bergman , M.M. (2010). On concepts and paradigms in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(3), 171–175. Block, E. (2012). ‘That’s what I see’: Enhancing AIDS intervention research through deep ethnography. Qualitative Social Work, 11(4), 379-394. Brendel, K. E., & Maynard, B. R. (2013). Child–Parent Interventions for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 24 (3), 287-295. Hill, A. (2012). Help for children after child sexual abuse: Using a qualitative approach to design and test therapeutic interventions that may include non-offending parents. Qualitative Social Work, 11(4), 362-378. Leung, C., Tsang, S., & Heung, K. (2014). The Effectiveness of Healthy Start Home Visit Program: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Research on Social Work Practice, on line Macy, R. J., Rizo, C. F., Guo, S., & Ermentrout, D. M. (2013). Changes in Intimate Partner Violence Among Women Mandated to Community Services. Research on Social Work Practice, 23, 624-638. Stanhope, V. (2012). The ties that bind: Using ethnographic methods to understand service engagement. Qualitative Social Work, 11(4), 412-430. Williams, L. R., Adams, H. L., & Altamirano, B. N. (2012). Mexican American adolescents’ perceptions of dating violence programs: Recommendations for effective program design and implementation. Qualitative Social Work, 11(4), 395-411. Inclusive Research and Emancipatory Research/user involved research Barnes, C. (2003). What a Difference a Decade Makes: Reflections on doing ‘emancipatory’ disability research. Disability & Society, 18(1), 3-17. Barnes, C., & Mercer, G. (2006). Independent Futures. Creating User-led D Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research. Disability Services in a Disabling Society, 8(4), 317-320. Oliver, M. (1997). Emancipatory Research: Realistic goal or impossible dream? In C. Barnes and G. Mercer (Eds.), Doing Disability Research (pp15-31). Leeds: The Disability Press. Retrieved from: http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Barnes-Chapter-2.pdf Oliver, M. (1992). Changing the Social Relations of Research Production? Disability, Handicap & Society, 7(2), 101-114.