環境、經濟與社會
Environment, Economy and Society
學期
110-2
學分
2
學分
當期課號
C794
永久課號
B2110
開課單位
博雅書苑Y
授課教師
錢克綱
校區
陽明
類別
其他通識
上課時間表
| 節 | 週五 |
|---|---|
3 10:10–11:00 | 環境、經濟與社會 YT206 2 節連堂 |
4 11:10–12:00 |
* 根據陽明交大上課時間表所列
概述
環境問題(environmental problems)通常是經濟問題的體現。舉凡對自然資源的取用或濫用,無不是為了經濟的延續與發展。這使得我們看待環境問題必須將注意力分配給與之對應的經濟體制問題。然而,並不是所有經濟體制都會對於環境造成不可回復的傷害。如果經濟體制是為了服務人類社會的延續而存在,一個惡化環境的經濟體制同時也危急人類社會的生存。那麼,從什麼時候開始、出自什麼樣的原因,服務人類社會的經濟體制從手段變為目的?社會與環境同時成為經濟體制延續與擴張的手段?因此,這門課程的目的在於認識環境、經濟與社會所構成的三種關係:環境與經濟、經濟與社會以及社會與環境之間的關係。大部分的環境問題都是這三種關係相互拉扯的體現。我們首先會認識現代社會與經濟體制的形成以及認知環境方式的轉變。進而,我們探討環境問題的認識。並不是所有環境問題都會被識別為問題,那些被視為環境問題的現象是如何被認可為問題的?經歷了哪些問題化的建構過程使得社會能夠跨越不同的群體利益而達成一致?最後,我們試著檢視一些提出的環境問題解決方案(市場方案、永續發展與綠色政治)。希望透過這門課程,同學能夠認識到環境問題的解決往往沒有簡化的答案,環境問題的科學發現、技術解決與環境組織的呼籲只是環境問題集體建構過程的一部份,而需要認識到社會往往才是問題的根源,群體之間因為利益分歧而導致的觀點分歧才有可能被跨越。
教學方式
1. 理解環境問題與經濟體制密不可分的特性 2. 理解環境危機-經濟體制的社會根源 3. 理解環境議題被建構為問題的過程 4. 理解環境議題的複雜性 5. 辨識環境問題所牽扯的經濟與社會群體1. 理解環境問題與經濟體制密不可分的特性 2. 理解環境危機-經濟體制的社會根源 3. 理解環境議題被建構為問題的過程 4. 理解環境議題的複雜性 5. 辨識環境問題所牽扯的經濟與社會群體 4.理解環境議題的複雜性 5.辨識環境問題所牽扯的經濟與社會群體
評分方式
1.分組導讀:30 % 2.個人專題寫作:50% 3.課堂參與(討論):10% 4.課堂出席:10%
週次計畫
| 週次 | 主題 |
|---|---|
| 第 1 週 | 課程介紹:為什麼研究環境? 1. 說明課程目標、課程進度、課程要求,同學相互認識。 2. 建議閱讀:Loren Lutzenhiser and Scott Sawyer, 2006: Ecology and Economy: A House Divided, in Jens Beckert and Milan Zafirovski, eds, International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology (London: Routledge,2006), 161-64. 3.修課同學,請以300字為上限,說明您的動機、所關切的環境議題以及您預期獲得哪些成果。 |
| 第 2 週 | 「環境」是什麼? 1. 思考問題:「環境」如何從外在於人類、限制人類活動的恐懼對象逐漸成為大眾口中的「資源」(Barry 2006)。本週檢視社會(科)學家是怎麼認知環境、怎麼解釋環境變遷。也請各位想想與你以往認識的環境、環境問題與環境變遷有什麼不同? 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Sutton, Philip, 2007. Natural Environments, Ch.1 (pp.1-17) in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. 2. Sutton, Philip, 2007. Knowing the Environment, Ch. 2 in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. 3. Barry, John, 2006: ''Nature'', ''Environment'' and Social Theory, Ch.2 in Environment and Social Theory. Oxon & New York: Routledge. 4. Arias-Maldonado, Manuel, 2015: Introduction, Ch.1 (pp.1-8) in Environment and Society: Socionatural relations in the Anthropocene. Springer. 5. Carolan, Michael, 2017. Introduction: Individuals, Societies, and Pragmatic Environmentalism, Ch.1 in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. 6. Macnaghten, Phil & Urry, John, 1998: Rethinking Nature and Society, Ch.1 in Contested Natures. Routledge. |
| 第 3 週 | 環境:人口增長的底線或上限? 1. 思考問題:Malthus的人口學說是經常用作為正當化環境保護並且限制人口增長的理由,這個觀點有什麼問題?都市化是解決人口擴張所帶來環境問題的解方嗎?為什麼?減低生育率或許是一個降低環境壓力的方法,但是透過政策手段達成這個目標,你認為合理嗎? 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Robins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S., 2014: Population and Scarcity, ch.2 (pp.13-30) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Carolan, M. S., 2017: Population: A Problem of Quantity or Quality?, pp.98-113 in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. New York; London: Routledge. 3. Moore, Jason W. & Patel, Raj、林琬淳 譯,2018: 〈緒論—資本主義重組了人類與自然其他成員的關係〉,《廉價的真相:看穿資本主義生態邏輯的七樣事物》。台北:本事。 4. Barry, J., 2006: The Uses of ''Nature'' and the Nonhuman World in Social Theory Pre-Enlightenment and Enlightenment Account, Ch.3 in Environment and Social Theory. Oxon & New York: Routledge. 5. Mann, Charles.、甘錫安、周沛郁 譯, 2021, 世界是個培養皿,〈物種狀態〉, 《巫師與先知》。台北:衛城。 |
| 第 4 週 | 「共有資源悲劇」的理論與現實 1. 思考問題:人性是自私的嗎?因為人性的自私,不被任何人擁有、管理和分配的資源必然導致「共有資源的悲劇」?在私有化和國有化之外,是否有其他解決共有悲劇的可能性?對於共有資源悲劇感興趣的人,也可以從網路上閱讀Hardin (1968) 發表在Science的原文。 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Robins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S., 2014: Institutions and ''The Commons'', Ch.3 (pp.49-64) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Hardin, G., 1968: ''The Tragedy of the Commons'', Science 162, pp.1243-1248. 3. Granovetter, Mark, 1985. ‘Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness’, American Journal of Sociology 91(3): 481-510. 4. Fred Hirsch, 1977, Introduction: The Argument in Brief (pp.1-10) in Social Limits to Growth. London: Routledge, 1977. 5. Elinor Ostrom 1990 (2015): Governing the commons 6. Acheson, James, M. 1988: Introduction and Conclusion, in The Lobster Gangs of Maine. 7. Margaret A. McKean 1998: Forest Resources and Institutions. |
| 第 5 週 | 工業化、都市化與商品化 1. 人口增長確實是環境壓力的重要的力量,但是單論人口增長忽略內在於這個現象的重大社會變遷—工業化與都市化—作為現代社會的特徵,以及社會內部關係和社會與自然環境的關係變化—商品化。弔詭的是,正是因為這些社會變遷促成了環境保護意識的興起。 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Sutton, Philip, 2007. Transforming the Environment, Ch.4 (pp.55-71) in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. 2. Sutton, Philip, 2007: Experiencing the Environment, Ch.3 in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. 3. Cudworth, 2002: Environment, Modernity and Society: Industrialism and Urbanization, Ch.4 (pp.103-127) in Environment and Society. New York: Routledge. 4. Polanyi, Karl 著、馮鋼、劉陽 譯,2007,〈自我調節的市場與虛擬商品:勞動力、土地和貨幣〉,《大轉型:我們時代的政治與經濟起源》。杭州:浙江人民出版社。 5. Barry, John. 2006. “The Enlightenment, Environment and Social Theory”, in Ch.2 ‘The Role of the Environment Historically within Social Theory’, pp.44-6 in Environment and Social Theory. Oxon & New York: Routledge. |
| 第 6 週 | 生產或積累的跑步機? 1. 環境問題的根源是甚麼?有些學者認為現代的經濟體制是問題的根源,有些人用工業主義形容這個體制,有些人認為是資本主義體制,本週檢視這些診斷環境問題社會根源的觀點異同。 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Robbins, Paul, Hintz, John, & Moore, Sarah A., 2014: Ch.7 Political Economy, pp.98-119 in Environment and Society A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Long, Michael A., Michael J. Lynch, and Paul B. Stretesky, 2020, Green Crime and the Treadmill of Production, Ch. 20 (pp.331-346) in The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology Vol.1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3. Schnaiberg, Allan, 2005: Ch.30 The Economy and the Environment, pp.703-726 in Smelser, Neil J. & Swedberg, Richard (eds.) Economy and Society. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press. 4. Foster, John B., 2006. The Treadmill of Accumulation. Schnaiberg''s Environment and Marxian Political Economy, Organization and Environment: 18(1): 7-18. 5. Sutton, Philip, 2004. Modern Ideas of Nature and Environment, Ch.1 in Nature, Environment and Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 6. Patel, R. & Jason W. Moore, 2018、林琬淳 譯,2018,〈廉價自然〉,《廉價的真相:看穿資本主義生態邏輯的七樣事物》。台北:本事。 |
| 第 7 週 | 永續發展 1. 「永續發展」的字眼整合了兩個相互矛盾的概念—可持續 (sustainability) 與發展 (development)。這樣的整合意圖解決甚麼問題?又因而引發了甚麼問題?也請同學思考,你所知道的永續發展個案(SDGs)是如何標榜自己既符合永續、又滿足發展之目的? 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Sutton, Philip, 2007: Sustaining the Environment, Ch. 8 (99.126-143) in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. 2. Dresner, Simon, 2008: What Does ‘Sustainable Development’ Mean?, Ch.5 pp.(pp. 69-80) in The Principles of Sustainability, London and Sterling VA: Earthscan. 3. Sachs, Jefferey D.、 周曉琪、羅耀宗 譯,2015: 《永續發展新紀元》。台北:天下文化。 4. Carolan, Michael, 2017: Political Economy: Making Markets Fair and Sustainable, Ch.10 (pp.168-184) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. 5. Irwin, Alan, 2001: Sustainability as Social Challenge, pp.31- 49 in Sociology and the Environment: A Critical Introduction to Society, Nature and Knowledge. Malden, MA, USA: Polity Press. 6. Michael Redclift and Graham Woodgate, 1997: Sustainability and Social Construction, Ch.3 (pp.55-70) in Redclift, Michael & G. Woodgate (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. 7. Wolfgang Sachs, 1997: Sustainable Development, Ch.4 (pp.71-82) in Redclift, Michael & G. Woodgate (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. |
| 第 8 週 | 生態現代化與綠色消費主義 1. 有些學者認為環境問題雖然對於現代的社會與經濟體制構成挑戰,但更強調,這種挑戰將有助於政治、經濟與社會體制朝向更加現代化的方向調整,更重視保育功能的環境國家(the environmental state)因而興起。本週檢視相關論點,並請同學思考,為什麼這個論點對於大多數國家和民眾來說頗具吸引力? 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Sutton, Philip, 2004: Modernity as an Unfinished Ecological Project, Ch.7 (pp.133-153), in Nature, Environment and Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2. Mol, P.J. Arthur, 2010: Ch.4 Ecological Modernization as a Social Theory of Environmental Reform, pp.63-76 in Redclift, Michael & G. Woodgate (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. 3. Mol, P.J. Arthur, 2003: Ch.11 The Environmental Transformation of the Modern Order, pp.303-326 in Thomas J. Misa, Philip Brey, and Andrew Feenberg (eds.) Modernity and Technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: The MIT Press. 4. Richard York, Eugene A. Rosa and Thomas Dietz, 2010: Ch.5 Ecological Modernization Theory: Theoretical and Empirical Challenges, pp.77-90 in The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, 2nd edition. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. 5. Michael Redclift and Graham Woodgate, 1997: Sustainability and Social Construction, Ch.3 (pp.55-70) in Redclift, Michael & G. Woodgate (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. |
| 第 9 週 | 環境與環境問題的建構 1. 思考問題:有人主張環境是建構的,有些人主張環境問題才是建構的,建構在此是指甚麼意思?你對上述主張有甚麼看法? 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Robins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S., 2014: Social Constructions of Nature, Ch.8 (pp.110-137) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Sutton, Philip, 2007. Knowing the Environment, Ch. 2 in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. 3. Hannigan, John, 2006: Ch.5 Social Construction of Environmental Issues and Problems, pp.63 in Environment and Society. Oxford and New York: Routledge. 4. Sutton, Paul, 2004: The Development of Environmental Movements, Ch.2 (pp.28-54) in Nature, Environment and Society, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5. Sutton, Paul, 2004: Theorising the Social and the Natural, Ch.3 (pp.55-75) in Nature, Environment and Society, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 6. Wynne Brian, 1994: Scientific Knowledge and Global Environment, Ch.8 (pp.109-189) in Social Theory and The Global Movement. London & New York: Routledge. 7. Cudworth, 2005: Ch.1. Sociology and Environment, Ch.1 (pp.9-35) in Environment and Society. NY: Routledge. |
| 第 10 週 | 風險與感知風險的文化 1. 現代社會究竟是更安全了,或是更危險?本週檢視風險的社會學與人類學意義。請思考:這些風險概念與你以往所認知的「風險」有哪些差異? 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Robins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S., 2014: Risks and Hazards'', Ch.6 (pp.82-97) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Irwin, Alan, 2001: The Risk Society Thesis: The End of the World as We Know It?, Ch.2 (Pp.50-69) in Sociology and the Environment: A Critical Introduction to Society, Nature and Knowledge. Malden, MA, USA: Polity. 3. Sutton, Philip, 2004: Environmentalism in a Risk Society, Ch.6 in Nature, Environment and Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 4. Hannigan, John, 2006: Ch.8 Risk, pp.108-121 in Environmental Sociology. Oxon & New York: Routledge 5. Beck, Ulrich, 1992: Ch.1 On the Logic of Wealth Distribution and Risk Distribution, in Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. 6. Douglas, Mary & Wildavsky, Aaron, 1982: Introduction: Can we Know the Risks we Face?’ in Douglas and Wildavsky, Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7. []Furedi, Frank, 2002: The Explosion of Risks, Ch.1 in Culture of Fear: Risk-taking and the Morality of Low Expectation. London & NY: Continum. |
| 第 11 週 | 科技風險、專業與民主 1. 相較第8週課程從主觀角度理解風險,本週探討科技風險、專業與民主的關係。這也是現代社會最棘手的問題之一:如何在專業與公眾意見之間對於科技風險的評估保持「平衡」,既不落於民粹,又不流於菁英統治? 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Wynne, Brian、周任芸 譯,2007,〈風險社會、不確定性與科學民主化〉。《科技、醫療與社會》5:15-42。 2. Collins, Harry, Evans, R., Durant, D., Weinel, M., 2019: Introduction: Pluralist Democracy, Populism and Expertise, Ch.1 (pp.1-9) in Experts and the Will of the People: Society, Populism and Science. Cham, Swiss: Palgrave. 3. Collins, Trevor & Collins, H.、李尚仁 譯, 2016。〈疫苗注射與父母的權利:MMR (麻疹、腮腺炎與德國麻疹)三合一疫苗以及百日咳〉,頁267-301,收錄在《科倫醫師吐真言:醫學爭議教我們的二三事》。新北:左岸 。 4. Wynne, Brian, 1994: Misunderstood Misunderstanding: Social Identities and Public Uptake of Science, Public Understanding of Science: 1. 5. Yearley Steven, 2005: Figuring out Risks, in Making Sense of Science: Understanding the Social Study of Science. London: Sage. |
| 第 12 週 | 為環境定價 1. 環境問題的解決有兩種主要的看法,一是徵稅,二是透過市場交易。這兩個選項也是目前碳排放定價的主要策略;兩種策略各有支持者。本週檢視兩種選項優缺點,並且思考市場如何能夠被「馴化」成為環境問題的解決手段。 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Carolan, Michael, 2017: Political Economy: Making Markets Fair and Sustainable, Ch.10 (pp.168-184) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. 2. MacKenzie, Donald, 2007: The Political Economy of Carbon Trading, London Review of Books: 29(7). 3. Yearley, Steven, 2018: Economic Valuation of the Environment, Ch.7 (pp.143-166) in Bostrom, Magnus & Davidson, Debra J. (eds.) Environment and Society: Concepts and Challenges. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 4. Lohmann, Larry, 2005: Marketing and Making Carbon Dumps: Commodification, Calculation and Counterfactuals in Climate Change Mitigation, Science as Culture: 14, 203-235. 5. MacKenzie, Donald, 2009: Constructing Emissions Markets, ch.7 (pp. 137-176) in Material Markets: How Economic Agents Are Constructed, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6. MacKenzie, Donald, 2007: Making Things the Same: Gases, Emission Rights and the Politics of Carbon Markets, Accounting, Organizations and Society: 34(3-4). |
| 第 13 週 | 氣候變遷與社會變遷 1. 暖化效應的發現改變了以往對於環境危害的認識。現在對於汙染或環境惡化的認識已經不限於一個地方,而且能夠想像的解決方案往往也超越民族國家的範圍。更重要的是,氣候變遷也對於現代社會的基礎產生重大挑戰,尤其是已經習以為常的能源與糧食系統。一個對應於氣候變遷的社會需要做出哪些調整?社會自我調整的可能性與困難又有哪些? 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Carolan, Michael S., 2017. Greenhouse Gases: Warmer isn’t Better, Ch.2 (pp.29-46) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. New York and London: Routledge. 2. Robbins, P., J. Hintz & S.A. Moore, 2014. Carbon Dioxide, Ch. 9 (pp.141-162) in Environment and Society. A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 3. Sutton, Philip, 2007: A Global Environment, Ch. 9 (pp.144-163), in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. 4. Yearley, Steven, 2009, ''Sociology and Climate Change after Kyoto: What Roles for Social Science in Understadning Climate Change'', Current Sociology 57(3): 389-405. 5. Mann, Charles, C.、甘錫安、周沛郁 譯, 2021, 《巫師與先知》。台北:衛城。 |
| 第 14 週 | 重建環境、經濟與社會 1. 在我們面前存在很明顯的矛盾,環境無法持續,但是經濟成長的腳步沒有人願意放緩。更矛盾的是,環境與經濟的矛盾即使能夠被大多數人所察覺與經驗,卻難以付諸實踐。認知、態度與行為之間的矛盾應該怎麼解決?本週思考如何在不改變態度的情況下,改變行為的可能性 2. 閱讀範圍 1. *Carolan, Michael, 2017: Inequality and Growth: Prosperity for All, Ch.12 (pp.199-240) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. 2. Carolan, Michael, 2017: From Beliefs to Behaviours: Pragmatic Environmentalism in Action, Ch.13 (pp.219-235) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. 3. Carolan, Michael, 2017: Governance: Biases and Blind Spots, Ch.11 (pp.185-198) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. 4. David Manuel-Navarrete & Christine N. Buzinde, 2010: Socio-ecological Agency: from ''Human Exceptionalism to Coping with ''Exceptional'' Global Environmental Change, Ch.9 (pp.136-149) in Redclift, Michael & G. Woodgate (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. |
| 第 15 週 | 彈性運用 |
| 第 16 週 | 彈性運用 |
| 第 17 週 | 課外學習 1. 疫情時代仍有許多線上形式舉辦的學術活動。請同學踴躍參與校內外所舉行的環境議題相關演講。授課教師會利用上課時間請同學口頭表達,分享個別的學習經驗。 |
| 第 18 週 | 18. 自主學習 1. 請重溫上課內容 2. 與授課教師聯繫與討論 3. 準備期末報告 |
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