照顧、性別與國家

課程簡介: 過去近30年,照顧與工作(care-work reconciliation)幾乎成為福利國家跨國比較研究主流,也是當前先進國家重大政策議題,譬如,歐盟為經濟發展,因此強調歐盟各國發展相關照顧支持政策(如兒童與老人照顧),以促進婦女就業; 因此,探討照顧,就必須探討照顧、性別與福利國家的關係。 EUC: 2017 Annual Report on Gender Equality: file:///Users/choucyc/Downloads/2017ReportonequalitybetweenwomenandmenintheEU.pdf First year of implementing the EU Gender Action Plan (2016-2020) Care research晚近發展學術學門,含宏觀面及微視面探討,且研究議題十分多元複雜,除探討接受照顧者 (care recipients; disabled people do not like this term) 議題外,探討照顧者(含家庭照顧者/非正式、正式及國際移工照顧者)、照顧社會福利/勞動體制、公民權益、勞動權、人權、全球化、性別等等)。本課堂從公民權、社會政策、性別平等角度探討照顧、性別與國家制度關係,如何影響被照顧者/支持與照顧者/提供支持者的基本生活權益,也結合及分享教師個人國內外相關研究經驗與成果。 照顧(care)含兒童、老人、障礙者照顧 (備註:在英國、歐洲不定義照顧兒童的父母為照顧者—carer; 障礙者不喜歡 ‘care’語言,而是 ‘assistance’);照顧(care)和每一個人相關,不只是個人daily life issue,亦是國家社福、健康、勞動政策重要議題(含當下規劃之長照)。每個人一生離不開care,是被照顧者,抑或照顧者;論及被照顧者(兒童、老人、障礙者)的性別、階層、族群、地理、市民權與福利權,照顧者亦同。照顧資源三大支柱:家庭、市場及國家;家庭照顧亦即女人的照顧,論及女人家庭角色時,離不開女性與國家及家庭關係,獨立自主及依賴關係,參與勞動市場及家庭角色的衝突及照顧倫理。 除前述含福利國家模型比較,照顧女性化、照顧家庭化、照顧公共化、家庭照顧與工作/勞動兼顧 (work and care reconciliation policies)、正式與非正式照顧、照顧資源、照顧意涵、照顧類型(兒童、老人、障礙者照顧、一個以上之照顧、隔代照顧、長期照顧)、照顧勞動與情感、照顧關係、照顧倫理、照顧與生命週期、中老年照顧者。因此,照顧不僅是家庭議題、性別、婦女就業、國家、勞動市場、政治及全球化(國際移工照顧者)議題、更是社會平等與公平權利議題 (性別、階層、族群、移民)等等。 如同前述,care research為目前先進國家社福、經濟與勞動政策重要研究之一,相關出版文獻繁多。本課程將從性別觀點及國家福利制度模式探討家庭照顧議題,所選讀文章著重在幾篇有代表性之文獻選讀。 本課程教學也結合教師參與的相關跨國研究及學術網絡: (1)2008-2011: 高齡化與少子化福利國家與照顧政策:家庭照顧者就業與照顧工作共容與永續發展(相關網站:https://www.jyu.fi/ytk/laitokset/yfi/en/research/projects/wocawo) (台灣、芬蘭、瑞典、英國、澳洲、日本、研究團隊共同完成一本英文書籍已出版(台灣共參與其中四章); (2)2010-update: FP7 FLOW project與歐盟十一個國家跨國研究比較(台灣與歐國家跨國比較)。及書寫相關跨國文章:more detail see Chou et al. (2017)—the impact of care on women employment—comparison four countries; under process—grandmother care and work reconciliation: comparison of 12 countries. (3) 每兩年一次—Transforming Care Conference: http://www.transforming-care.net/,擔任歷任Academic counsel member (4) Espanet 是歐洲社會政策協會,歐洲社會政策學者、博士班學生都會參與這個協會,這個協會也每年都會舉辦國際會議及相關博班的工作坊。今年是由德國漢堡大學主辦,探討的議題即為本課堂的內容幾乎相呼應。詳見相關網站: https://www.wiso.uni-hamburg.de/fachbereich-sowi/professuren/pfau-effinger/bilder/phd-conference-espa-net-2018-call-for-papers.pdf (5)研究合作的國家:芬蘭University of Jyvaskyla COE (8 years project): https://www.jyu.fi/hytk/fi/laitokset/yfi/en/research/projects/agecare; 英國Sustainable care project (4+4 years project) https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/sustainable-care-network-social-care-crisis-1.711931 https://wun.ac.uk/wun/research/view/sustainable-care (6) 由英國 Sheffield University Professor Sue Yeandle 主編的期刊—International Journal on Care and Caring (IJCC) 邀請擔任副主編。這是一份第一個強調care research 的國際期刊。詳見網站主編群以及參與的編輯顧問,可以說是當前照顧研究的重要學者。詳見第一期的主編書寫本期刊的重要議題,亦即當前照顧研究的重要方向。 https://policypress.co.uk/journals/international-journal-of-care-and-caring 教學方式,採閱讀文章及國內外相關照顧議題討論,由教師授課與導讀文章,選修同學分工輪流導讀一篇文章,在課堂上帶領討論。 教師角色為facilitator, supervisor and information provider. 同學角色負責發表意見及回饋,凡有助於上課動力者,皆被欣賞感謝。 上課的考評目的是為了激發學習,藉以開啟同學的潛能和學習的整理。

1. 照顧、性別與福利國家關係 & welfare state gendered;welfare state shapes family care work; welfare state policies towards childcare, LTC of seniors and disabled people; institutional framework to family care (childcare, care for older people, support disabled people); 2. 照顧與福利模型之跨國比較:East Asian, Conservative, Mediterranean, liberalistic, Nordic—childcare, care for older people, family care regime comparison—cross different family care regimes; 3. 照顧與工作兼顧政策及其跨國比較 (care/work reconciliation and cross national comparison); 4. 照顧女性化、公共化/去家庭化、去家務化 (care femilisation, de-familization or de-domestification;privatisation vs re-familisation; universalization vs de-universalisation; 5. 有宏觀觀點檢視國內及國際照顧與性別相關議題— engendered vs de-gendered; formal/informal care system, social rights, citizenship, gender/ men carer, fatherhood, class, institutional factors, migrant/transnational carer, global care chains, global political economy of care and etc. 6. 了解國際對照顧研究的發展趨勢—see the International Journal of Care and Caring; 7. 增加面向思考自己的研究論文的題材,結合研究論文的撰寫與文章發表。

Assessment: (1) Class participation 10%; (2) presentation of written assignments on set texts (20%--scoring by the classmates & Instructor); (3) mid-term oral report (20%);(4)Final Oral Presentation (20%-- assessed by the classmates and instructor); (4) Final assignment (30%) 期中作業:oral report and ppt—針對上課的學習,整理心得報告。 期末作業:針對台灣的childcare, support for disabled people, care for older people 選擇一個政策分析,分析此政策對被照顧者、照顧者在性別、社會階層平等的影響。(at least 10 references from the readings of the class) Oral assessment indicators: Content and structure (40%); critical analysis (30%); handout/ppt (10%); presentation skill (10%), time control (10%) Written assessment indicators: Content and structure (60%); critical analysis (40%)。(5 pages)

Handouts--Chapter in the books or Journal articles (講義由教師提供—upload to e-campus): 1. Syllabus-Care, Gender & State. National Yang-Ming University. February 25, 2018. 2. Chou, Yueh-Ching (2013). Work-family reconciliation policies and practices in Taiwan. Asia - Pacific Newsletter on occupational health and safety, 20(3), 68-70. 3. European Union (2017). 2017 Report on equality between men and women in the EU. Belgium: EU. doi:10.2838/52591 4. 周月清(2001)。女性主義理論及後現代女性主義。In 家庭社會工作(pp. 98-120)。台北:五南。 5. 周月清、潘淑滿 (2017) 照顧工作對婦女就業的影響:以新竹市為例。社區發展季刊。160,245-263。(NSC-100-2915-I-010-004) 6. 周月清 (2018)。性別與照顧工作。「健康、醫療與照顧」篇性別意識進階教材 (第四章)(pp 112-165)。台北:行政院性別平等處。 7. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three political economies of the welfare state. In The three worlds of welfare capitalism (Chapter 1) (pp. 9–34). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 8. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). De-commodification in social policy. In The three worlds of welfare capitalism (Chapter 2) (pp.35-54). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 9. Lewis, J. (1992). Gender and the development of welfare regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 2 (3), 159–173. 10. Lister, R. (1997), Citizenship: Feminist perspectives. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 11. Glendinning, C., & McLaughlin, E. (1993). Paying for informal care: Lessons from Finland. Journal of European Social Policy, 3(4) 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/095892879300300401 12. Orloff, A.S. (1993). Gender and the social rights of citizenship: the comparative analysis of gender relations and welfare states. American Sociological Review, 58 (3), 303–328. 13. Bussemaker, J., & van Kersbergen, K. (1994). Gender and welfare states: Some theoretical reflections. In D. Sainsbury (Ed.), Gendering Welfare State (pp. 8-25) London: SAGE. 14. Anttonen, A. and Sipila, J. (1996). European social care services: is it possible to identify models?. Journal of European Social Policy, 6(2), 87–100. 15. Knijn, T., & Kremer, M. (1997). Gender and the caring dimension of welfare states: Toward inclusive citizenship. Social Politics, 4(3), 328-361. 16. Korpi, W. (2000). Faces of inequality: Gender, class, and patterns of inequalities in different types of welfare states. Social Politics, 127-191. 17. 傅立葉 (2010). 從性別觀點看台灣的國家福利體制.台灣社會研究季刊, 80,207-236. 18. Fraser, N. (2000). After the family wage: A postindustrial thought experiment. In B. Hobson (Ed.), Gender and Citizenship in Transition (pp.1-32). New York: Routledge. 19. Kroger, T. (2011). Defamilisation, dedomestication and care policy: Comparing childcare service provisions of welfare states. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 31(7/8), 424-440. 20. Lammi-Taskula, J. (2006). Nordic men on parental leave: can the welfare state change gender relations? In Anne Lise Ellingsater & Arnlaug Leira (Eds.), Politicising parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender relations in welfare states. Bristol: The Policy Press. 21. Duvander, A.-Z., & Johansson, M. (2012). What are the effects of reforms promoting fathers’ parental leave use? Journal of European Social Policy, 22(3) 319–330. 22. Craig L. Does Father Care Mean Fathers Share?: A Comparison of How Mothers and Fathers in Intact Families Spend Time with Children. Gender & Society. 2006;20(2):259-281. doi:10.1177/0891243205285212 23. Sullivan O, Coltrane S, Mcannally L, Altintas E. Father-Friendly Policies and Time-Use Data in a Cross-National Context: Potential and Prospects for Future Research. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2009;624(1):234-254. doi:10.1177/0002716209335138 24. Eydal, Gueny Bjork & Rostgaard, Tine (Eds.) (2016). Eds. Fatherhood in the Nordic Welfare States: Comparing Care Policies and Practice. University of Bristol: Policy Press. 25. Hakovirta, M, Haataja, A., Eydal, G. B., & Rostgaard, T. (2016). Fathers’ rights to family cash benefits in Nordic Countries. In G. B. Eydal & T. rostgaard (Eds.), Fatherhood in the Nordic Welfare States: Comparing Care Policies and Practice (pp. 81-99). University of Bristol: Policy Press. 26. 27. Rummery, K., & Fine, M. (2012). Care: A critical review of theory, policy and practice. Social Policy & Administration, 46(3), 321-343. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9515.2012.00845.x 28. Sainsbury, D. (1996). Gender, equality and welfare states. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 29. Yeandle, S. , & Kroger, T. (2013). The emergence of policy supporting working carers: developments in six countries. In T. Kroger & S. Yeandle (Eds.) Combining Paid Work and Family Care: Policies and Experiences in Nordic, Liberal and East Asian Welfare States (chapter 2). UK: Policy Press. 30. Yeandle, S. , & Kroger, T. (2013). Reconciling work and care for older parents, disabled children and partners: convergent or separate paths in three welfare systems? In T. Kroger & S. Yeandle (Eds.) Combining Paid Work and Family Care: Policies and Experiences in Nordic, Liberal and East Asian Welfare States (chapter 12). UK: Policy Press. 31. Williams, F. (2010). Migration and Care: Themes, Concepts and Challenges. Social Policy and Society, 9, pp 385-396 doi:10.1017/S1474746410000102 32. Williams, F., & Brennan, D. (2012). Care, Markets and Migration in a Globalising World: Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of European Social Policy, 22(4), 377-391. 33. Szebehely, M., & Meagher, G. (2018). Nordic eldercare – Weak universalism becoming weaker? Journal of European Social Policy, 28(3) 294–308. Spann, A., Vicente, J., Allard, C., Hawley, M., Spreeuwenberg, M., & De Witte, L. (2020). Challenges of combining work and unpaid care, and solutions: A coping review. Health and Social Care in the Community, 28(3), 699-715. DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12912 授課教師發表相關文章 care issues related and based on empirical studies-- Publications related care Journal articles 34. Chou, Yueh-Ching & Chou, Yi-Chun (2021). The long-term care system in Taiwan. CRC 1342 Social Policy Country Briefs, CRC 1342, Bremen. https://socialpolicydynamics.de/crc-1342-publications/crc-1342-social-policy-country-briefs/en/?publ=10532 35. Chou, Y. -C., Chen, B.-W., & Kroger, T. (2021). Lost in translation: Implementing personal assistance in an East Asian context. Disability & Society, online, doi:10.1080/09687599.2021.1930517. 36. Chou, Y. C., & Kroger, T. (2020). Ageing in place together among older parents and ageing offspring with intellectual disability. Ageing & Society, 1-15. doi:10.1017/S0144686X20001038 37. Chou, Y. C*., Pfau-Effinger, B., Kroger, T., & Ranci, C. (2017). Impact of care responsibilities on women’s employment: A comparison between European and East Asian welfare states. European Societies, 19(2), 157-177. 38. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Kroger, Teppo, & Pu, Cheng-yun (2018). Underemployment among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31,152–158. DOI: 10.1111/jar.12336 39. Chou, Y. C.*, Kroger, T., & Pu, C. Y. (2016). Universal breadwinner vs. universal caregiver model: fathers’ involvement in caregiving and well-being of mothers of offspring with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 29, 34–45. 40. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Kroger, Teppo, & Pu, Cheng-yun (2015). Models of long-term care use among older people with disabilities in Taiwan: Institutional care, community care, live-in migrant care and family care. European Journal of Ageing, 12(2), 95-104. 41. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Wang, Shih-Chih, Chang, Heng-Hao & Fu, Li-yeh (2014). Working but not employed: mothers of adults with intellectual disability as hidden workers. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 39(4), 353-362. 42. Chou, Yueh-Ching* & Kroger, Teppo (2013) Reconciliation of work and care among lone mothers of adults with intellectual disabilities: the role and limits of care capital. Health and Social Care in the Community. (in press) SSCI (IF=1.185; ranking 8/38 =.21, social work) 43. Chou, Yueh-Ching (2013). Work-family reconciliation policies and practices in Taiwan. Asia - Pacific Newsletter on occupational health and safety, 20(3), 68-70. 44. Chou, Yueh-Ching, Fu, Li-yeh, & Chang, H. H. (2013). Making work fit care: reconciliation strategies used by working mothers of adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 26, 133-145. 45. Chou, Yueh-Ching, Fu, Li-yeh, Pu, Cheng-yun & Chang, H. H. (2012). Difficulties of work-care reconciliation: Employed and non-employed mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 37(3), 260-268. (IF=1.098) (33/66=.5) (SSCI)(NSC99-2621-M-010-001)(需求探討) 46. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Kroger, Teppo, Chiao, Chi, & Pu, Cheng-yun (2013). Well-being among employed and non-employed caregiving women in Taiwan. International Journal of Social Welfare, 22, 164-174. (NSC97-2621-M-010-003)(SSCI) (IF=0.810 ) (ranking 21/38=.55) (需求探討) 47. Chou, Yueh-Ching* & Lu, Zxy-yann Jane (2012). Caring for a daughter with intellectual disabilities in managing menstruation: a mother’s perspective. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 37(1), 1-10. (IF=.1.098) (33/66=.5) (SSCI) 48. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Fu, Li-yeh, Lee, Yue-Chune & Lin, Li-Chan (2011). Predictors of Subjective and Objective Caregiving Burden in Older Female Caregivers of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. International Psychogeriatrics (IPG), 23(4), 562-573. (SSCI) (IF= 2.188) (Ranking: Psychology, Clinical 32/114=.28) (需求探討) 49. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Chiao, Chi & Fu, Li-yeh (2011). Health status, social support and quality of life among family carers of adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) in Taiwan. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 36(1), 73-79. (IF=1.000) (38/66=.57) (SSCI) (NSC-96-2412-H-010-002-SS2) (需求探討) 50. Chou, Yueh-Ching, Fu, Li-yeh, Kroger, Teppo & Chiu, R. Y. (2011). Job satisfaction and quality of life among home care workers: a comparison of home care workers who are and who are not informal carers. International Psychogeriatrics (IPG), 11 (23), 814-825. (IF= 2.188) (Ranking: Psychology, Clinical 32/114=.28) (SSCI)(NSC 98-2621-M-010-001) 51. Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Pu, Cheng-yun, Kroger, Teppo & Fu, Li-yeh (2010). Caring, employment and quality of life: comparison of employed and nonemployed mothers of adults with intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AJMR/AJIDD), 115(5), 406-420.(NSC97-2621-M-010-003)(SSCI) (IF=2.554) (3/66=.045) (需求探討) Book Chapter Chou, Yueh-Ching*, Toshiko Nakano, Heng-Hao Chang and Li-Fang Liang (2013). Parent-carers in Taiwan and Japan: lifelong caring responsibilities within a familistic welfare system. In T. Kroger & S. Yeandle (Eds.) Combining paid work and family care: Policies and experiences in international perspective (chapter 8). Bristol: Policy Press. Other sources/ articles and books (同學自行參考): 52. 傅立葉 (2010). 從性別觀點看台灣的國家福利體制.台灣社會研究季刊, 80,207-236. 53. Kroger, T. & Yeandle, S. (Eds.) (2014).Combining paid work and family care: Policies and experiences in international perspective. UK, Bristol: Policy Press. 54. Lewis, J., & Hobson, B. (1997). Introduction. In J. Lewis (Ed.), Lone mothers in European welfare states: Shifting policy logics (pp. 1-20). London: Jessica Kingsley. 55. O’Connor, J. (1993). Gender, class and citizenship in the comparative analysis of welfare state regimes: theoretical and methodological issues. British Journal of Sociology, 44(3), 501–518. 56. Lister, R. (1990). Women, economic dependency and citizenship. Journal of Social Policy, 19(4), 445-467. 57. Lister, R. (1994). ‘She has other duties’: Women, citizenship and social security. In S. Baldwin and J. Falkingham (Eds.), Social security and social change: New challenges (pp. 31-44)., Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 58. Lister, R. (1995). Dilemmas in engendering citizenship. Economy and Society, 24(1), 1-40. 59. Lister, R. (1997). Citizenship: Feminist perspectives. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 60. Lister, R. (2003). Citizenship: Feminist perspectives (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 61. Hobson, B. (1994). Solo mothers, social policy regimes and the logics of gender. In D. Sainsbury (Ed.), Gendering Welfare State (pp. 170-187) London: SAGE. 62. Kroger, T. (2009). Care Research and Disability Studies: Nothing in Common? Critical Social Policy, 29 (3), 398-420. 63. Kroger, Teppo, Mathew Puthenparambil, Jiby & Van Aerschot, Lina (2019) Care Poverty: Unmet Care Needs in a Nordic Welfare State. International Journal of Care and Caring 3 (4), 485–500. 64. Korpi, W. (2000). Faces of inequality: Gender, class, and patterns of inequalities in different types of welfare states. Social Politics, 127-191. 65. Leitner, S. (2003). Varieties of familialism: The caring function of the family in comparative perspective. European Societies, 5(4), 353-375. 66. McLaughlin, E., & Glendinning, C. (1994). Paying for care in Europe: Is there a feminist approach? In L. Hantrais & S. Mangen (Eds.), Family policy and the welfare of women (pp. 52-69). Loughborough: University of Loughborough. 67. Tronto, J. (1998). An Ethic of Care. Generations San Francisco, 22(3), 15–20. 68. Saraceno, C. (2010). 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(2017) Family care work: a policy-relevant research agenda, International Journal of Care and Caring, 1(1): 45–62. DOI: 10.1332/239788217X14866284542346 相關跨國比較研究 周月清、潘淑滿、傅立葉(2011.01.01- 2011.12.31)。台灣地方社會福利體系對婦女勞動參與及社會凝聚之影響:與11個歐盟國家比較。國科會間接參與歐盟FP7計畫(100-2915-I-010-004) 。 周月清等(2010.08.01- 2011.11.31)。高齡化與少子化福利國家與照顧政策:家庭照顧者就業與照顧工作共容與永續發展--成年智障者家庭照顧者就業與照顧工作共容? (三年)(NSC99-2621-M-010-001) (international project with Finland, Sweden and UK) 周月清、梁莉芳。(2017) 轉型中的照顧關係與支持系統:失能長者與高齡障礙者( Care relations and support systems under transformation: Ageing with disability and disability with ageing)。106年科技部人文社會科學研究中心補助科技部跨領域研究計畫之前置規劃案。(2017/07/01-2017/12/31) 。MOST 104-2420-H-002-016-MY3-L10603。