環境變遷與全球化

Environmental Change and Globalization

學期

112-2

學分

3 學分

當期課號

310018

永久課號

HKHS20051

開課單位

人文社會學系

授課教師

錢克綱

校區

六家

類別

選修

上課時間表

節	週五
5 13:20–14:10	環境變遷與全球化 HK105 3 節連堂
6 14:20–15:10
7 15:30–16:20

* 根據陽明交大上課時間表所列

概述

課程綱要環境雖然無所不在,但除非環境問題湧現,我們才會意識到環境之於我們生活與生存的重要性。試想一個充滿風險的環境(如:剛剛過去的疫情或困擾著城市居民的空汙),將會如何影響人們生活起居、食衣住行呢?我們無時無刻不受到環境的羈絆。環境與人類文明和社會變遷有錯綜複雜的關係。如果「全球化」是社會變遷的重要階段──我們已經生活在其中、影響著全球化的進程並且深受其影響──那麼,我們所生活在其中、仰賴其供應的環境是如何受到全球化的影響,反過來說,環境又是如何影響全球化的進展呢?這將是這門課程探索和理解的主要課題。這門課程將以「環境社會學」為基礎結合「全球化」的相關討論探索當代面對的環境議題,從人口、資源、汙染、風險、氣候等,特別是要縱切每一個看似「自然」問題的社會內涵。甚至我們幾乎可以說,不存在一個純粹「自然」的環境問題,而是所有環境問題都有社會介入的痕跡。這也使得環境議題的社會學視角顯得格外重要。這門課程將從回溯與反思社會理論、社會學與環境的關係開始,檢視環境的概念在社會學與社會科學知識當中的角色。接著我們將進入「人口」、「共有資源」等經典環境議題。之後會檢視環境社會學的兩個以戰後的經濟發展、社會變遷與環境問題為主要研究對象的學派:「生態馬克思主義的政治經濟學」以及「生態現代化理論」,並且深入這兩種觀點與全球化進程的關係。接著將回顧如今已經琅琅上口的「永續發展」或「可持續發展」的概念,將這概念放回政治經濟脈絡之中進行討論。接著我們將進入環境社會學當中另一個發展成熟的理論—社會建構論—我們將藉由理論工具,檢視局部的環境議題如何全球化,成為眾人關切的核心議題。接著我們將焦點放在科技應用所衍生的風險,這類型風險的特徵是不受一時一地所侷限,因而本身就具有全球化的特性。最後,我們進入當代最熱烈討論的「氣候變遷」議題,從概念的釐清、市場導向的解決方案以及治理的取徑來理解這個牽連甚廣的議題;由於牽連太廣,氣候變遷議題的每一次政治討論都關係著全球化進程的持續與未來。這門課程希望學生在修課之後,能夠掌握社會學和社會科學參與討論環境全球化議題的視角、理論和工具,並能夠進而理解我們所身處的社會在面對重大環境議題時所要處理的挑戰、選項和可能性。課程目標 1. 了解全球環境變遷的成因、動力與影響。 2. 掌握社會科學參與全球環境議題的理論與工具。 3. 理解重大環境議題所蘊含的挑戰、選項與可能性。 4. 批判性閱讀文獻,認識不同取徑與方法對於理解全球環境變遷的重要性。 5. 理解環境問題需要跨學科關懷和知識的重要性。 6. 以口頭報告展示文獻的理解與表達能力。 7. 以書面報告展示連結理論文獻與實際案例的研究能力。

評分方式

1. 分組導讀:25% 2. 期中報告:25% 3. 個人專題寫作:30% 4. 出席:10% 5. 課堂參與:10%

週次計畫

週次	主題
第 1 週	1. 環境與全球化—課程介紹 Christoff, Peter and Eckersley, Robyn (2013). A Short History of Globalization and the Environment. Ch.2 (pp.33-69) in Globalization and the Environment. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Hannigan, John (2023). Planet in Peril, ch.1 (pp.1-18) in Environmental Sociology. London and New York: Routledge. Lidskog, Rolf and Lockie, Stewart (2020). Globalizing Environmental Sociology, Ch.2 (pp.30-46) in Legun, Katharine, Keller, Julie C., Carolan, Michael S. & Bell, Michael M. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Vol.1. Cambridge University Press. Yearley, Steven (1996). The Sociology of Globalization, Ch.1 (pp.1-25) in Sociology, Environmentalism, Globalization: Reinventing the Globe. Sage. Yearley, Steven (1996). Environmental Issues and the Compression of the Globe, Ch.2 (pp.26-61) in Sociology, Environmentalism, Globalization: Reinventing the Globe. Sage. White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Introduction: The Socio-Ecological Imagination (pp.1-16) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave.
第 2 週	2. 社會理論、社會學與環境社會學理論是如何看待自然、環境與環境問題的?本週我們將簡短地回顧古典社會學家的觀點,接著討論由環境社會學家Dunlap and Catton提出的「人類豁免主義典範」 (human exceptionalism paradigm) 的批判以及替代的「新生態典範」 (new ecological paradigm)。我們要將這些討論放在「實在主義」 (realism) 傳統以及「社會建構論」 (social constructionism) 之間的辯論脈絡當中理解,並且反思是否有一種替代的取徑能夠幫助我們既關注現實,又不脫社會脈絡的環境議題理解方式,例如,批判實在主義 (critical realism)。 Essential readings Cudworth, Erika (2005). Sociology and the Environment, Ch.1 (pp.9-35) in Environment and Society. Routledge. Advanced readings Barry, John. (2006). Nature’, ‘environment’ and social theory, Ch.1 (pp.7-30) in Environment and Social Theory. Oxon & New York: Routledge. Benton, Ted (1994). Biology and Social Theory in the Environmental Debate, ch.1 (pp.28-50) Redclift, Michael and Benton, Ted (eds.) Social Theory and the Global Environment. Londond and New York: Routledge. Dunlap, Riley E. & York, Richard (2020). Environmental Sociology, Pp.283-300 in George Ritzer & Wendy Wiedenhoft Murphy (eds.) The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Sociology, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Dunlap, Riley E. (2010). The Maturation and Diversification of Environmental Sociology: from Constructivism and Realism to Agnosticism and Pragmatism, Ch.1 (pp.15-32) in Redclift, Michael & Woodgate, Graham (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, 2nd. Edward Elgar. Holleman, Hannah (2020). Classical Theory and Environmental Sociology: Toward Deeper and Stronger Roots, Ch.1 (pp.11-30) in Legun, Katharine, Keller, Julie C., Carolan, Michael S. & Bell, Michael M. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Vol.1. Cambridge University Press. Järvikoski, Timo (1996). The Realtion of Nature and Society in Marx and Durkheim, Acta Sociologica 39(1): 73-86. Vaillancourt, Jean-Guy (2010). From Environmental Sociology to Global Ecosociology: the Dunlap–Buttel Debates, Ch. 3(pp.48-62) in Redclift, Michael & Woodgate, Graham (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, 2nd. Edward Elgar. White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Unnatural Social Theory? The Problem of Nature in Classic Social Theory, Ch.1 (pp.17-35) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave. Buttel, Frederick H. (2002). Environmental Sociology and the Classical Sociological Tradition: Some Observations on Current Controversies, Ch.2 (pp.35-50) in Dunlap, Riley E., Buttel, Frederick H., Dickens, Peter and August, Gijswijt (eds.) Sociological Theory and the Environment. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC.
第 3 週	停課
第 4 週	3. 環境與文明──全球化的早期本週我們先將全球化的時間尺度拉遠,延伸至劇烈全球化以前的時代。全球化儘管被不同學者強調有不同的時間點,但一般認為在「地理大發現」之後逐漸密切。藉著這段歷史理解全球的環境與生態如何隨著人類社會的變動而變化,並且這樣的變化又如何影響著人類社會本身。 Essential readings Christoff, Peter and Eckersley, Robyn (2013). A Short History of Globalization and the Environment. Ch.2 (pp.33-69) in Globalization and the Environment. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Advanced readings Diamond, Jared著、王道還、廖月娟譯(2019)。《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵:人類社會的命運》(Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies)。台北:時報。 Lewis, Simon L. & Maslin, Mark A.著、魏嘉儀譯,(2019)。Ch.3 從樹上步下、4 第一次能源革命:農耕 & 5 全球化1.0:現代世界,見《人類世的誕生》(The Human Planet: How We Created the Anthropocene). 台北:積木文化。 Mann, Charles著、黃煜文譯 (2021)。第二部太平洋的旅程、第三部世界的歐洲,見《一四九三:殖民、貿易、物種,哥倫布大交換推動的新世界》(1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created)。台北:衛城。 White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Hybrid Histories: Historical Socio-Ecologies in the Age of “the Anthropocene”, ch.2 (pp.36-51) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave.
第 5 週	4. 生物、人口與環境人口數量一般被視為全球環境問題的關鍵。過多的人口競逐有限的資源,似乎是造成環境退化的主因。然而,這樣的論點卻有濃厚的「簡化生物學」印記;彷彿,來自生物的觀察可以簡單套用到人類社會;更甚者,或許還參雜了「社會達爾文主義」(Social Darwinism) 的思想在內。也許正是這樣的思想存在,導致了全球的北方與南方,儘管共享一個地球,卻有不同的環境問題思考。在純粹的數量問題之外,我們還必須思考人口的「質量」問題,家戶、生活方式與消費。 Essential readings Robins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S. (2014). Population and Scarcity, Ch.2 (Pp.13-30) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Advanced readings Barry, J. (2006). The Uses of 'Nature' and the Nonhuman World in Social Theory: Pre-Enlightenment and Enlightenment Account, Ch.3 (Pp.51-82) in Environment and Social Theory. Oxon & New York: Routledge. Carolan, M. S. (2017). Population. A Problem of Quantity or Quality?, Ch.6 (Pp.98-113) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. New York; London: Routledge. Harper, Charles & Snowden, Monica (2017). Humans and the Resources of the Earth: Sources and Sinks, Ch.2 (pp.44-90) in Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues. Routledge. Harper, Charles & Snowden, Monica (2017). Energy and Society, Ch.4 (pp.135-182) in Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues. Routledge. Harper, Charles & Snowden, Monica (2017). Population, Environment, and Food, Ch.5 (pp.183-228) in Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues. Routledge. Mann, Charles 著、甘錫安、周沛郁譯 (2021)。〈物種狀態〉,《巫師與先知》。台北:衛城。 White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Limits/No Limits? Neo-Malthusians, Prometheans and Beyond, Ch.3 (pp.52-70) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave.
第 6 週	5. 共有資源的制度、歷史與轉變共有資源 (common-pool resources) 指的是共享使用卻不被個人擁有的人為或自然資源。這是一種古老的制度,卻也被生態學家Garret Hardin 視為是資源耗竭的悲劇來源──共有資源的悲劇 (the tragedy of the commons) ──人人都能使用,卻無人對其負有責任,結果是人人都想多占用一點資源,最終導致資源陷入不可再生的境地。小至公寓,大到大氣層,處處可見共有資源的例子,但是共有資源是否真的就是資源耗盡的主因?如果歷史上存在著多種成功治理共有資源的案例,那麼這樣的制度真的是原因嗎?甚麼樣的歷史與社會條件下,產生了耗盡共有資源的動力? Essential readings Robins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S. (2014). Institutions and 'The Commons', Ch.3 (pp.49-64) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Advanced readings Acheson, James, M. (1988). Introduction and Conclusion, in The Lobster Gangs of Maine. The University of Chicago Press. Cudworth, (2002). Environment, Modernity and Society: Industrialism and Urbanization, Ch.4 (pp.103-127) in Environment and Society. New York: Routledge. García-López, Gustavo A. (2020). Commons, Power, and (Counter) Hegemony, Ch.10 (pp.152-175) in Legun, Katharine, Keller, Julie C., Carolan, Michael S., & Bell, Michael M. (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology Vol.1. Cambridge University Press. Granovetter, Mark (1985). ‘Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness’, American Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481-510. Hardin, G. (1968). 'The Tragedy of the Commons', Science, 162, pp.1243-1248. Harvey, David著、陳靜譯 (2011)。《資本之謎:人人需要知道的資本主義真相》(The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism)。北京:電子工業出版社。 Ostrom, Elinor (1990/2015). Reflections on the Commons, Ch.1 (pp.1-28) in Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press. Partel, R. & Jason W. Moore, 林琬淳譯(2018)。〈廉價自然〉,《廉價的真相:看穿資本主義生態邏輯的七樣事物》。台北:本事。 Polanyi, Karl 著、馮鋼、劉陽譯 (2007)。〈自我調節的市場與虛擬商品:勞動力、土地和貨幣〉,《大轉型:我們時代的政治與經濟起源》。杭州:浙江人民出版社。 Sutton, Philip (2007). Transforming the Environment, Ch.4 (pp.55-71) in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity.
第 7 週	清明兒童連假
第 8 週	6. 環境衰退全球化的政治經濟學全球化的一個主要特徵是跨越空間尺度的分工與「交換」,如今我們已經很熟悉美國品牌、中國製造、台灣消費。然而,全球交換的對象不只是金錢與商品而已,汙染與健康的損害也進入到這個全球交換體系之中。本週我們將檢視以馬克思主義政治經濟學取徑對於全球環境問題的診斷。 Essential readings Robbins, Paul, Hintz, John, & Moore, Sarah A. (2014). Political Economy, Ch.7 (pp.98-119) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Advanced readings Benton, Ted (1989). Marx and Natural Limits: An Ecological Critique and Reconstruction, New Left Review, 178: 51-86. Bunker, Stephen G. (2019). Toward a Theory of Ecologically Unequal Exchange, ch.2 (pp.13-47) in Frey, R. Scott, Gellert, Paul K., & Dahms, Harry F. (eds.) Ecologically Unequal Exchange: Environmental Injustice in Comparative and Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. Faber, Dainel (2020). The Unfair Trade-off Globalization and the Export of Ecological Hazards, ch.3 (pp.49-62) in King, Leslie & Auriffeille, Deborah McCarthy (eds.) Environmental Sociology: From Analysis to Action. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC Foster, John B. (2006). The Treadmill of Accumulation. Schnaiberg's Environment and Marxian Political Economy, Organization and Environment, 18(1): 7-18. Foster, John B. (2011). Marx’s Ecology and its Historical Significance, ch. 7 (pp.106-120) in Redclift, Michael & Woodgate, Graham (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Edward Elgar. Foster, John B. (2020). Why Ecological Revolution, ch.2 (pp.35-48) in King, Leslie, & Auriffeille, Deborah McCarthy (eds.), Environmental Sociology: From Analysis to Action. Rowman & Littlefield. Gould, K.A., Pellow, D.N., & Schnaiberg, A. (2008). Part I: Origins of the Treadmill Theory, in Treadmill of Production: Injustice and Unsustainability in the Global Economy. Routledge. Harvey, David著、許榮宋譯 (2016). 〈資本與自然界的關係〉,《資本社會的17個矛盾》(Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism)。台北:聯經。 Islam, S., Hossain, I. (2015). The Global Treadmill of Production and the Environment. In Social Justice in the Globalization of Production. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Jackson, Tim著、朱道凱譯(2010)。Ch. 2, 4 & 6,見《誰說經濟一定要成長?》(Prosperity without Growth)。台北:早安財經文化。 Longo, Stefano B., & York, Richard. (2020). Material Worlds: Understanding the Relationship of Capital and Ecology, ch. 6 (pp. 95-106) in Legun, Katharine, Keller, Julie C., Carolan, Michael S., & Bell, Michael M., (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology Vol.1. Cambridge University Press. Schnaiberg, Allan (2005). The Economy and the Environment, ch.30 (pp.703-726) in Smelser, Neil J. & Swedberg, Richard (eds.) Economy and Society. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press. White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Structures and Institutions: The Treadmill of Production, the Metabolic Rift and the Sociology of Ecological Modernization, ch.5 (pp.92-114) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave.
第 9 週	7. 環境改革的生態現代化理論環境社會學不只關切「環境問題」,同時也關切環境問題的改善。與技術科學的最大不同是,關切環境問題改善的社會科學更關注社會的政治、經濟以及技術體制,是否或如何能夠利用這些現代性的成果與成就改善現代性的弊端。生態現代化理論 (ecological modernization theory) 正是在這一基礎上試圖提出一個環境問題改善的路徑。本週將檢視生態現代化理論的發展與批判。更重要的是思考,儘管存在眾多批判,為什麼生態現代化的策略和路徑還是被許多國家視為必須成就的道路? Essential readings Mol, Arthur P.J. (2010). Ecological Modernization as a Social Theory of Environmental Reform, ch.4 (pp.63-76) in Redclift, Michael & G. Woodgate (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. Advanced readings Hajer, Maarten A. (1996). Ecological Modernisation as Cultural Politics, ch.11 (pp.246-268) in Lash, Scott, Szerszynski, Bronislaw, and Wynne, Brian (eds.) Risk, Environment and Modernity. Sage. Mol, Arthur P.J. & Spaargaren, Gert (2002). Ecological Modernization and the Environmental State, pp.33-52 in Mol, A.P.J. and Buttel, F.H. (eds.) The Environmental State Under Pressure (Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, Vol. 10). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. Mol, Arthur P.J. (2002). Ecological Modernization and the Global Economy, Global Environmental Politics, 2(2):92-115. Mol, Arthur P.J. (2003). The Environmental Transformation of the Modern Order, Ch.11 (pp.303-326) in Misa, Thomas J., Brey, Philip, and Feenberg, Andrew (eds.) Modernity and Technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: The MIT Press. Mol, Arthur P.J. (2018). The Environmental State and Environmental Governance, ch.6 (pp.119-142) in Boström, Magnus & Davidson, Debra J. (eds.) Environment and Society: Concepts and Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan. Schnaiberg, Allan, Pellow, David N., & Weinberg, Adam (2002). The Treadmill of Production and the Environmental State, pp.15-32 in Mol, A.P.J. and Buttel, F.H. (eds.) The Environmental State Under Pressure (Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, Vol. 10). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. Sutton, Philip (2004). Modernity as an Unfinished Ecological Project, Ch.7 (pp.133-153), in Nature, Environment and Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Structures and Institutions: The Treadmill of Production, the Metabolic Rift and the Sociology of Ecological Modernization, ch.5 (pp.92-114) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave. York, Richard, Rosa, Eugene A., & Dietz, Thomas (2010). Ecological Modernization Theory: Theoretical and Empirical Challenges, Ch.5 (pp.77-90) in Redclift, Michael & Woodgate, Graham (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, 2nd edition. Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. York, Richard & Rosa, Eugene A. (2003). Key Challenges to Ecological Modernization Theory: Institutional Efficacy, Case Study Evidence, Units of Analysis, and the Pace of Eco-efficiency, Organization and Environment, 16(3): 273-288. 曾華璧,(2002)。〈臺灣的環境治理(1950-2000):基於生態現代化與生態國家理論的分析〉,《臺灣史研究》,15(4):121-148。
第 10 週	8. 可持續發展與全球化可持續性與發展是兩種截然不同的概念──前者著墨在生態,後者著墨在經濟與社會──在甚麼脈絡下兩者竟然可以合而為一?我們如今所熟知的可持續發展以及更常聽見的可持續發展目標 (sustainable development goals; SDGs),是否真的能夠達成生態的可持續目標?是否有一種可能是,就算達成了SDGs的目標,卻始終和真正的社會與生態的可持續性仍然相距遙遠?本週將可持續發展的概念重新放回它的全球化脈絡中,檢視其如何受到全球化所形塑,又如何形塑了全球化的進展。接著,我們將檢視現行可持續發展目標的實踐與侷限。本週的課程目標是,當我們看到或聽見任何以可持續發展為名的計畫或政策或行動時,我們能夠深入思考,其究竟達成了甚麼樣的可持續性? Essential readings Harper, Charles & Snowden, Monica (2017). Globalization, Inequality, and Sustainability, ch.5 (pp.228-272) in Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues. Routledge. Advanced readings Baker, Susan (2006). Conclusion: The Promotion of Sustainable Development. What Has Been Achieved?, ch.9 (pp.211-218) in Sustainable Development. Routledge. Cudworth, Erika (2005). Globalization, Development and Environmental Change, ch.5 (pp.128-157) in Environment and Society. Routledge. Dresner, Simon (2008). What Does ‘Sustainable Development’ Mean?, Ch.5 (pp. 69-80) in The Principles of Sustainability. London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan. Elliot, Jennifer A. (2013). What is Sustainable Development? (Ch.1, pp.8-56), The Global Challenges of Sustainable Development (Ch.2, pp.57-119), & Actors and Actions in Sustainable Development (Ch.3, pp.120-188), in An Introduction to Sustainable Development. London & New York: Routledge. Sutton, Philip (2007). Sustaining the Environment, Ch. 8 (pp.126-143) in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. Sachs, Jefferey D.著、周曉琪、羅耀宗譯 (2015)。《永續發展新紀元》。台北:天下文化。 Wackernagel, Mathis, Hanscom, Laurel, & Lin, David (2017). Making the Sustainable Development Goals Consistent with Sustainability, Frontiers in Energy Research, 5: 1-5. White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Global Environmental Governance and Neoliberalization, ch.8 (pp.158-170) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave.
第 11 週	9. 期中測驗紙筆測驗。請自行準備紙張和原子筆針對測驗題目進行簡答。題目將以先前課程出現的概念和理論為範圍。
第 12 週	10. 環境問題全球化—社會建構論取向雖然現在的我們面臨眾多的環境問題都是跨國、跨區域,甚至是全球性的,例如:全球暖化,但是,全球性的環境變遷是否就足以成為全球性的環境問題?如果答案是肯定的,「可持續性」也不需要與「發展」的目標整合,好讓不分國界的「全球社會」都願意共同參與問題的解決。那麼,特定的環境問題是如何演變為全球性的環境問題呢?本週我們從社會建構論 (social constructionism) 的角度出發,檢視各國或各方如何在面對同一個問題時,根據自身的利益,賦予問題意義並且定義問題與解決途徑。 Essential readings Yearley, Steven (2005). How Environmental Problems Come to be ‘Global’: Sociological Perspective on the Globalisation of the Environment, pp.41-53 in Cultures of Environmentalism: Empirical Studies in Environmental Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan. Advanced readings Burningham, Kate & Cooper, Geoff (1999). Being Constructive: Social Constructionism and the Environment, Sociology, 33(2): 297-316. Irwin, Alan (2001). Science and the Social Construction of Environmental Threats, ch.3 (pp.70-89) in Sociology and the Environment: A Critical Introduction to Society, Nature, and Knowledge. Polity Press. Hannigan, John (2023). Social Construction of Environmental Issues and Problems, ch.3 (pp.53-75) in Environmental Sociology. Taylor & Francis Group. Hannigan, John (2023). Biodiversity Loss: The Successful “Career” of a Global Environmental Problem, ch.8 (pp.160-179) in Environmental Sociology. Taylor & Francis Group. Robins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S. (2014). Social Constructions of Nature, Ch.8 (pp.110-137) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Sutton, Philip (2007). Knowing the Environment, Ch. 2 in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. Yearley, Steven (1996). How Do the World's Environmental Problems Come to be 'Global'?, ch.3 (pp.62-99) in Sociology, Environmentalism Globalization: Reinventing the Globe. Sage. Yearley, Steven (1996). Universalizing Discourses and Globalization, Ch.4 (pp.100-141) in Sociology environmentalism globalization: Reinventing the Globe. Sage. Yearley, Steven (2002). The Social Construction of Environmental Problems: A Theoretical Review and Some Not-Very-Herculean Labors, Ch.2 in Dunlap, Riley E. et al. (eds.) Sociological Theory and the Environment. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC.
第 13 週	11. 科技、專業與風險社會社會學家Ulrich Beck認為當代社會已經進入「風險社會」 (the risk society) 的階段,由人類現代性所創造出的風險卻不得不仰賴另一項現代性的產物──技術科學 (technoscience) ──加以察覺、識別並且解決。在面對風險的問題上,技術科學是否足夠充分?科學識別不出風險是否就等於沒有風險?這個問題的另一面是,是否我們應該就此放棄技術科學專業對於風險的主張,而回歸到個人與社會的判斷?這樣豈不落入另一種民粹主義 (popularism) 的風險?本週會透過風險的文化理論 (the cultural theory of risks) 、不確定性 (uncertainties) 以及專業知識對於民主社會的作用來思考這些問題。 Essential readings Robins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S. (2014). Risks and Hazards, Ch.6 (pp.82-97) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Advanced readings Beck, Ulrich (1992). On the Logic of Wealth Distribution and Risk Distribution, ch.1 in Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage Publications. Collins, Harry, Evans, R., Durant, D., Weinel, M. (2019): Introduction: Pluralist Democracy, Populism and Expertise, Ch.1 (pp.1-9) in Experts and the Will of the People: Society, Populism and Science. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. Douglas, Mary & Wildavsky, Aaron (1982). Introduction: Can We Know the Risks We Face?, pp.1-15 in Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley: University of California Press. Irwin, Alan (2001). The Risk Society Thesis: The End of the World as We Know It?, Ch.2 (pp.50-69) in Sociology and the Environment: A Critical Introduction to Society, Nature, and Knowledge. Malden, MA, USA: Polity. Irwin, Alan (2001). Kamikazes and Chromosomes: Sociological Perspectives on Technology, Ch.6 (pp.136-160) in Sociology and the Environment: A Critical Introduction to Society, Nature, and Knowledge. Malden, MA, USA: Polity. Perrow, Charles (1981). Normal Accidents at Three Mile Island, Society, 18(5): 17-26. Sutton, Philip (2004). Environmentalism in a Risk Society, Ch.6 in Nature, Environment and Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Wynne, B. (1992). Misunderstood Misunderstanding: Social Identities and Public Uptake of Science, Public Understanding of Science, 1: 281-304. Wynne, Brian (1994). Scientific Knowledge and the Global Environment, ch.10 (pp.169-189) in Social Theory and the Global Environment. London and New York: Routledge. Wynne, Brian、周任芸譯(2007)〈風險社會、不確定性與科學民主化〉。《科技、醫療與社會》5:15-42。 Ylönen, Marja (2018). Risk and Resilience, ch.4 (pp.71-94) in Boström, Magnus & Davidson, Debra J. (eds.) Environment and Society: Concepts and Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan.
第 14 週	12. 氣候變遷、人類世與資本世全球暖化與氣候變遷是當代全球社會所面臨的終極問題。絕大部分的科學家業已表明,人類若不能在世紀末控制升溫,將會在全球範圍內面臨嚴重的災難。本週希望對於氣候變遷 (climate change) 的概念進行基礎的認識,也檢視由科學家提出的人類世 (the Anthropocene) 概念以及政治經濟學者提出的「資本世」 (Capitalocene) 概念,藉此我們思考「人類」此一概念在面對諸如全暖化的全球環境危機的可能性與模糊之處。 Essential readings Robbins, P., Hintz, J. & Moore, S.A. (2014). Carbon Dioxide, Ch. 9 (pp.141-162) in Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Advanced readings Arias-Maldonado, Manuel (2015). The Coming of the Anthropocene, ch.5 (pp.73-94) in Environment and Society: Socionatural Relations in the Anthropocene. Springer. Carolan, Michael S. (2017). Greenhouse Gases: Warmer Isn’t Better, Ch.2 (pp.29-46) in Society and the Environment: Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. New York and London: Routledge. Harper, Charles & Snowden, Monica (2017). Climate Change, Science, and Diplomacy, ch.3 (pp.91-134) in Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues. Routledge. Lewis, Simon L. & Maslin, Mark A.著、魏嘉儀譯,(2019)。Ch.1、2、3、8、9、10,見《人類世的誕生》(The Human Planet: How We Created the Anthropocene). 台北:積木文化。 Lidskog, Rolf & Waterton, Claire (2018). The Anthropocene: A Narrative in the Making, in Boström, Magnus & Davidson, Debra J. (eds.) Environment and Society: Concepts and Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan. Partel, R. & Jason W. Moore, 林琬淳譯(2018)。〈廉價自然〉,《廉價的真相:看穿資本主義生態邏輯的七樣事物》。台北:本事。 Sutton, Philip (2004). A Global Environment, Ch.9 (pp.144-163) in The Environment: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge, UK & Malden, USA: Polity. Zehr, Stephen (2015). The Sociology of Global Climate Change, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6(2): 129-150.
第 15 週	13. 市場、減排與新自由主義應對全球暖化的首要任務是溫室氣體減排,作為「緩解」(mitigation) 策略的重要部分。大部分國家希望透過市場機制與技術手段,希望能夠在維持經濟增長與減排之間取得一個「平衡」。然而,這樣的策略是否有效?又為何在世界各國被奉為圭臬呢?本週檢視歐盟的碳交易計畫 (EU Emissions Trading Scheme)以及透過為碳排放制定價格所造成的「遠距影響」 (influences at a distance) ,並且將這一套減排的市場架構放在全球的政治經濟脈絡當中思考。 Essential readings White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Global Environmental Governance and Neoliberalization, Ch.8 (pp.158-175) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave. Advanced readings Bresnihan, Patrick (2020). Beyond the Limits to Growth: Neoliberal Natures and the Green Economy, Ch.8 (pp.124-142) in Legun, Katharine, Keller, Julie C., Carolan, Michael S., & Bell, Michael M. (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology Vol.1. Cambridge University Press. Bumpus, A. G. and Liverman, D. M. (2013). Carbon Colonialism? Offsets, Greenhouse Gas Reductions, and Sustainable Development, Ch.10 (pp.203-224) in Peet, Richard, Robbins, Paul, and Watts, Michael (eds.) Global Political Ecology. London and NewYork: Routledge. Carolan, Michael (2017). Political Economy: Making Markets Fair and Sustainable, Ch.10 (pp.168-184) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. Carolan, Michael (2017). Governance: Biases and Blind Spots, Ch.11 (pp.185-198) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. Christoff, Peter & Eckersley, Robyn (2013). Governing the Planet, ch.5 (pp. 161-207) in Globalization and the Environment. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Harper, Charles & Snowden, Monica (2017). Economic Markets and Politics: Transforming Structures, Ch.5 (pp.273-318) in Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues. Routledge. Irwin, A. (2001). ‘Institutional Judgements and Contested Decisions: The Governance of Environmental Problems,’ Chapter 5 of Sociology and the Environment. Cambridge: Polity. Lohmann, Larry (2005): Marketing and Making Carbon Dumps: Commodification, Calculation and Counterfactuals in Climate Change Mitigation, Science as Culture, 14, 203-235. MacKenzie, Donald (2009): Constructing Emissions Markets, Ch.7 (pp. 137-176) in Material Markets: How Economic Agents Are Constructed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nordhause, William著、劉道捷譯 (2019)。〈平衡成本效益的氣候政策〉,ch.18見《氣候賭局:延緩氣候變遷vs.風險與不確定性,經濟學能拿全球暖化怎麼辦?》 (The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World)。台北:寶鼎文化。 Randalls, Samuel (2017). Assembling Climate Expertise: Carbon Markets, Neoliberalism and Science, Ch.4 (pp.67-86) in Higgins, Vaughan & Larner, Wendy (eds.) Assembling Neoliberalism. Expertise, Practices, Subjects. Palgrave Macmillan. White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Anthropocene Politics I: Market NaturesTM, Ch.9 (pp.176-192) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave. Yearley, Steven (2018): Economic Valuation of the Environment, Ch.7 (pp.143-166) in Bostrom, Magnus & Davidson, Debra J. (eds.) Environment and Society: Concepts and Challenges. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
第 16 週	14. 氣候變遷與社會一個把全球氣候變遷視為社會中不可或缺一份子的社會將會做出甚麼樣的改變?一個社會會做出多大程度的改變將取決這是個甚麼樣的社會。一個重視集體的公平與命運休戚與共的社會所採取的應對氣候變遷策略組合將會截然不同於另一個重視個體自由與維護經濟增長的社會。終究,環境問題是社會問題,這並不是說環境問題並不存在,而是說,環境問題必須在一個更講求包容性的社會當中才能被理解與改變。 Essential readings Carolan, Michael (2017). From Beliefs to Behaviours: Pragmatic Environmentalism in Action, Ch.13 (pp.219-235) in Society and the Environment. Pragmatic Solutions to Ecological Issues. NY & London: Routledge. Advanced readings Gough, Ian & Meadowcroft, James (2012). Decarbonizing the Welfare State, Ch.33 in Dryzek, John S., Norgaard, Richard B., & Schlosberg, David (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Oxford University Press. Shove, Elizabeth. (2010). Beyond the ABC: Climate Change Policy and Theories of Social Change. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 42(6), 1273-1285. White, Damian Finbar, Rudy, Alan P., & Gareau, Brian J. (2016). Anthropocene Politics II: Democratic Natures, Public Ecologies, Ch.9 (pp.193-212) in Environments, Natures and Social Theory. Palgrave. Whitmarsh, L., O’Neill, S., & Lorenzoni, I. (2010). ‘Climate Change or Social Change? Debate Within, Amongst, and Beyond Disciplines.’ Environment and Planning A, 43, pp. 258-261. Webb, Janette (2012). Climate Change and Society: The Chimera of Behaviour Change Technologies, Sociology 46(1), 109-125. Verweij, M., Ellis, R., Engel, C., Hendriks, F., Lohmann, S., Ney, S., Rayner, S., Thompson, M., & Douglas, M. (2013). Clumsy Solutions for a Complex World: The Case of Climate Change, in Fardon, R. (Ed.), Mary Douglas: Cultures and Crises, Understanding Risk and Resolution (pp. 146-175). Sage. Ney, Steven & Verweij, Marco (2015). Messy Institutions for Wicked Problems: How to Generate Clumsy Solutions?, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 33(6): 1679-1696. Verweij, Marco (2023). Clumsy Solutions and Climate Change: A Retrospective, WIREs Climate Change 14(1). Lewis, Simon L. & Maslin, Mark A.著、魏嘉儀譯,(2019)。Ch. 10(新的自然力,人類) & Ch.11(智人能否變得更智慧?),見《人類世的誕生》(The Human Planet: How We Created the Anthropocene). 台北:積木文化。 Jackson, Tim著、朱道凱譯(2010)。Ch. 9, 10, 11 & 12,見《誰說經濟一定要成長?》(Prosperity without Growth)。台北:早安財經文化。 Shove, Elizabeth (2010). Beyond the ABC: Climate Change Policy and Theories of Social Change, Environment and Planning A 42(6): 1273-1285. Urry, John (2013). Low-carbon Society, Ch.11 (pp.202-223) in Societies beyond Oil. Oil Dregs and Social Futures. Zed Books. Urry, John (2015). Climate Change and Society, ch.3 (pp.45-59) in Michie, Jonathan Cooper, Cary L. (eds.) Why the Social Sciences Matter. Palgrave Macmillan. Urry, John (2016). Climates, Ch.9 (pp.156-186) in What is the Future?. Polity.
第 17 週	15. 課程回顧與綜合討論 White, Damian & Roberts Timmons (2020). Post Carbon Transition Futuring: For a Reconstructive Turn in the Environmental Social Sciences?, Ch. 14 (pp.223-242) in Legun, Katharine, Keller, Julie C., Carolan, Michael S., & Bell, Michael M. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Vol.1. Cambridge University Press.
第 18 週	彈性利用