族群理論

這門課是「族群與文化碩士班」的必修課,基本上的設計是要讓學生對「族群研究」這個學術領域的發展狀況及相關文獻有一個大致上的掌握,並能夠將所學到的一些概念和理論應用在碩士論文的寫作上。因此,我將這門課定位為「閱讀課」,我們主要的工作,就是老老實實地一起將該讀的一些基本文獻讀過。 事實上,在傳統社會學的領域中,所有人類社會的「組織原則」,不論是基於性別、年齡、親屬、族群、宗教、職業、地域、國籍、志願結社、甚至性取向,一直都是我們所最感興趣的一個題目。而在這眾多「組織原則」中,由於種種歷史上的因緣際會,族群又佔據著相當特殊的地位,尤其是在1990年代以後的台灣,關於「族群」的討論更是突然成為一個炙手可熱的議題,不論是在學術界的相關研究中,或者是在日常生活層次的街井言談中,我們都可以看到種種關於族群現象的討論。 這門課主要是從社會學的觀點來討論族群關係(當然在某種程度上也會涉及其他的社會科學學門,特別是人類學)。對所有研究族群現象的社會學家而言,我們對這個議題幾乎都有一個預設或共識,那就是族群其實是種種社會力和政治力相互交錯影響而建構出來的一個現象。這個現象雖然在不同的時間和空間會有不同的展現方式,但是,群體界線形構(group boundary formation)、隔離(segregation)、以及群體間階層關係(inter-group hierarchies)的創建,則幾乎都可以在不同情境的族群現象中找到。 這門課的課程設計可以分成三大部分:(1). 基本概念與領域鳥瞰;(2). 六個比較常被提到的「族群理論」取向;以及(3). 一些「族群研究」的相關重要議題。 在第一個部分,我們將直接面對「族群」這個概念,看看所謂「族群」(ethnic group)這個語彙到底有些什麼樣的指涉,而這個概念和其他相關概念──比如說「族群性」(ethnicity)、「種族」(race)、「國族╱民族」(nation)、以及「少數民族」(minority)等──又有些什麼共通性與差異性。由於「種族」和「國族╱民族」可以被視為是「族群」這一語彙的姐妹概念,我們也會特別用一個禮拜的時間來思考這兩個概念的意義。第三,我們將從試著對「族群研究」(特別是「台灣的族群研究」)這個學術領域,做一個比較鳥瞰式的回顧。 在第二部份,我們將面對六個「族群研究」中比較常見理論取向,這同時也是這門課的主軸。這六個取向,包括三個「一般的/傳統的」取向(一般人類學式之教科書或回顧性文章對於「族群理論」的三分法)──「原生論」、「工具論/情境論」、以及「建構論」。除了這三個理論,這門課也會對「認知論」(基本上可以視為是「建構論」的一個分支)、「後殖民理論」(這是比較人文學或文學研究取向之學者喜愛的理論)、和「多元文化主義」(通常是屬於政治哲學領域的研究議題)這三個理論進行討論。 在第三部分,我挑選了三個「族群研究」的重要議題──「台灣族群關係」、「族群形成」、以及「族群/國族認同」──來進行探究。前一個議題應該是我們之所以要從事族群研究念茲在茲的主要關懷;後兩個議題則是我自己在過去在「族群研究」上花最多時間和精力的議題,希望能夠和同學們分享我一點點的研究心得。

課前閱讀與出席討論..................... 20% 閱讀材料報告................................ 20% 小報告(書面).............................. 30% 小報告(口頭).............................. 15% 小報告(評論).............................. 15% 總計.......................................... 100%

整體來講,這門課絕對算不上是輕鬆的課。這門課的閱讀材料份量每週在100頁左右,我自己會認為,修課同學應該在課堂以外每個禮拜再花至少10個小時的時間來準備這門課。以下是本課程更詳細的修課要求。 1. 書面自我介紹:這門課在課程設計上需要學生和老師有比較密切的互動關係。因為這樣的需要,我想要對各位同學的背景(家庭背景、求學背景、工作經歷等)和知識上的興趣有一個大概的了解,因此,請各位同學在第二週上課(2024/09/11)以前,寫一份一頁以內的「自我介紹」傳到e3平台上。這個作業會使用「共享」方式處理。換句話說,除了任課教師,其他同學也可以看到你的介紹,以增進我們彼此之間的認識。介紹的格式不限,反正其主要功能就是讓大家進一步了解你自己。 2. 課前閱讀及出席討論:我一直相信,「對話式的主動參與」──而非「聽話式的被動接受」──是最好的學習方式。美國著名的高等教育研究者Alexander Astin就曾經這樣表示: The theory... students learn by becoming involved... seems to explain most of the empirical knowledge gained over the years about environmental influences on student development. ... What I mean by involvement is neither mysterious nor esoteric. Quite simply, student involvement refers to the amount of physical and psychological energy that the student devotes to the academic experience. (重點是加上的) 因此,這門課十分強調同學們「主動學習」的重要性。本課程在實際操作上將以討論課(seminar)的方式進行。因此,學生務必於每週上課前依進度讀完教師所要求的閱讀材料,才能夠積極參與課堂討論。 課前閱讀及出席討論佔學期成績的20分。 3. 閱讀材料報告:所有修課同學將輪流於每週上課時就該次「必讀討論材料」進行口頭報告。報告必須準備書面的報告大綱,並帶領同學就該次閱讀內容進行討論。我們這個學期總共有17週,扣除掉第一週的課程介紹、三個週次的工作坊、兩次溫書假(讓同學專心撰寫小論文),同學們需要進行報告的總次數是11次。 原則上,每次上課的閱讀材料可以被視為是「兩」個單位(雖然有些週次的報告篇數多於二,但依舊可以用「二」來理解)。同學們所準備的口頭報告,一個單位的報告時間為20分鐘,請務必在時間內完成報告。 「必讀背景材料」不用在課堂上報告,但是也請在上課前認真讀完。我上課時還是會適時針對這些材料提出我的發問,請同學們來回答。 閱讀材料報告佔學期成績的20分。 4. 小論文書寫:修課學生必須在這門課撰寫三篇小論文(每個部份一篇),繳交日期為舉行工作坊之週次的週一(2024/09/30、2024/11/18、以及2024/12/23)24:00。小論文請控制在5頁以內(12級字,1.5倍行距)。這篇論文的主題由同學自行決定,不過,它應該要和該部份的主題環環相扣,一方面要盡量引用每部份各個週次的「必讀討論材料」和「必讀背景材料」,並與之進行對話;另一方面也必須引用至少三篇該部份的「參考材料」、以及兩篇你自己找到的文獻(這兩篇中至少有一篇必須是英文文獻)。 形式上,這篇小論文應該涵蓋以下幾個元素:(1).題目;(2).主要發問;(3).主要論證;以及(4). 參考文獻。 小論文書寫佔學期成績的30分(每篇10分)。 5. 小論文口頭報告及評論:我們有三次的工作坊(第五、十二和十七週),主要目的正是要讓各位口頭報告自己的小論文。報告請使用PPT或書面大綱。除了自己的報告,每位同學還必須對另外兩位同學的報告提出評論(由我來指定安排)。評論也一樣要準備PPT或書面大綱。 小論文口頭報告佔學期成績的15分(每篇5分);小論文評論一樣佔學期成績的15分(每次5分)。 說明:關於報告撰寫格式,請參考《全球客家研究》的稿件格式說明(http://ghk.nctu.edu.tw/submission03.asp,該網址有提供pdf檔說明)。

1. 雖然我會將要讀部分的電子檔放在e3平台,不過,以下這幾本書都是「族群研究」這個領域的重要經典著作,有學術興趣和熱情的同學,應該要考慮購買。 王甫昌,2003,《當代台灣社會的族群想像》。台北:群學。 王明珂,1997,《華夏邊緣:歷史記憶與族群認同》。台北:允晨文化。 黃應貴編,2018,《族群、國家治理、與新秩序的建構:新自由主義化下的族群性》。新北市:群學。 蕭阿勤、汪宏倫編,2016,《族群、民族與現代國家:經驗與理論的反思》。台北:中央研究院社會學研究所。 Anderson, Benedict(班納迪克‧安德森)著,吳叡人譯,1999,《想像的共同體:民族主義的起源與散布》。台北:時報文化。(如果手上有其他版的本書籍,其實也無妨) Brubaker, Rogers, 2004, Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Isaacs, Harold Robert(哈羅德‧伊薩克)著,鄧伯宸譯,2004,《族群:集體認同與政治變遷》。台北縣新店市:立緒文化事業公司。 Hobsbawm, Eric J. et al.(艾瑞克‧霍布斯邦等)著,陳思文等譯,2002,《被發明的傳統》。台北:貓頭鷹出版。 Malesevic, Sinisa, 2004, The Sociology of Ethnicity. London: Sage Publications. 2. 我自己在2013年出版的生命中的第一本專書,名稱為《族群與國族認同的形成》,總共收錄我在不同時間的七篇論文,再加上新寫的導論與結論,總共有九章。我不敢說自己的書是「族群理論」這一領域的經典著作,不過,由於我是這門課的授課教師,而本書所收錄之論文又和廣義的「族群理論」有密切關係(我們也會從中選幾篇文章來讀),因此,我也會建議同學自行購買此書,如果你對「族群研究」這一領域有興趣的話。 許維德,2013,《族群與國族認同的形成:台灣客家、原住民與台美人的研究》。中壢:中央大學出版中心/台北:遠流出版社。 3. 我另外會將其他相關的閱讀材料和參考文獻放在e3教學平台上,請同學自行到該網站下載閱讀(原則不包括書籍形式的參考文獻)。 4. 最後,我也列出一些我建議的「族群研究」(不限於「族群理論」)重要相關書目(僅限於書籍,不包括期刊論文;有*者表示我認為比較基本而重要的文獻)。 1). 工具書 陳國偉,2007,〈附錄二:現有族群研究相關學位論文〉。頁413-242,收錄於《想像台灣:當代小說中的族群書寫》。台北:五南。 陳逸君編,1998a,《台灣客家關係書目與摘要:專書、論文、研究報告類(上冊)》。南投市:台灣省文獻委員會。 ______編,1998b,《台灣客家關係書目與摘要:專書、論文、研究報告類(下冊)》。南投市:台灣省文獻委員會。 ______編,2000,《台灣客家關係書目與摘要:方志文獻卷》。 南投市:台灣省文獻委員會。 *黃士旂,2000,《台灣族群研究目錄(1945-1999)》。台北:捷幼出版社。 黃淵泉,1998,《台灣族群研究目錄》。台北:國家圖書館。 張炎憲編,1989,《台灣漢人移民史研究書目》。台北:中央研究院台灣史田野研究室。 莊英章等編,1988,《台灣平埔族研究書目彙編》。台北:中研院民族學研究所。 Asante, Molefi K. and Ama Mazama, eds., 2005, Encyclopedia of Black Studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Bacal, Azril, 1991, Ethnicity in the Social Sciences: A View and a Review of the Literature on Ethnicity. Coventry, England, United Kingdom: Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick. Banks, James A., 1991, Teaching Strategies for Ethnic Studies, 5th ed. Needham Heights, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon Inc. Banks, James A. and Cherry A. McGee Banks, eds., 2004, Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education, 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Bataille, Gretchen M., Miguel Carranza, and Laurie Lisa, 1996, Ethnic Studies in the United States: A Guide to Research. New York: Garland Publication. Batur, Pinar and Joe R. Feagin, eds., 2018, Handbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, 2nd ed. Cham: Springer. Bengelsdorf, Winnie, 1972, Ethnic Studies in Higher Education: State of the Art and Bibliography. D.C.: American Association of State Colleges and Universities. Bentley, G. Carter, 1981, Ethnicity and Nationality: A Bibliographic Guide. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Bernal, Guillermo et al., eds., 2003, Handbook of Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Bolaffi, Guido et al., eds., 2003, Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Caliendo, Stephen M. and Charlton D. McIlwain, eds., 2011a, The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity. New York: Routledge. Cashmore, Ernest, 2004, Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. New York: Routledge. Cashmore, Ernest et al., 1996, Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations, 4th ed. New York: Routledge. Delanty, Gerard and Krishan Kumar, eds., 2006, The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage. Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember, eds., 2004, Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures. New York: Springer. Feischmidt, Margit, ed., 2001, Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography. Budapest, Hungary: Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute. Fishman, Joshua A., ed., 1999, Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. New York: Oxford University Press. Fishman, Joshua A. and Ofelia Garcia, eds., 2010, Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, Vol 1: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Goldberg, David Theo and John Solomos, 2002, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. Hill-Collins, Patricia and John Solomos, eds., 2010, The Sage Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Kinloch, Graham Charles, 1984, Race and Ethnic Relations: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland. Kolm, Richard, ed., 1973, Bibliography on Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups. D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office. Levine, Robert M., 1980, Race and Ethnic Relations in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Historical Dictionary and Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. Levinson, David and Melvin Ember, eds., 1997, American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Magocsi, Paul Robert, eds., 1999, Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Ratuva, Steven, ed., 2019, The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. Russell-Brown, Katheryn, 2000, Race and Crime: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Schaefer, Richard T., ed., 2008, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Sigler, Jay A., eds., 1987, International Handbook on Race and Race relations. New York: Greenwood Press. Spira, Thomas, with a foreword by Walker Connor, 1999-2004, Nationalism and Ethnicity Terminologies: An Encyclopedic Dictionary and Research Guide. Gulf Breeze, Fla.: Academic International Press. Stone, John et al., eds., 2016, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. Malden: Oxford Wiley Blackwell. Stone, John et al., eds., 2020, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. Tan, Bonny, ed., 2007, A Baba Bibliography: A Select Annotated Listing of Sources on the Peranakan Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: National Library Board. Tan, Chee-Beng, 1992, Bibliography on Ethnic Relations with Special Reference to Malaysia and Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaysia. *Thernstrom, Stephan, ed., 1980, Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Vera, Hernan and Joe R. Feagin, eds., 2007, Handbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations. New York: Springer. 2). 教科書 Marger, Martin N.(馬丁‧N.)著,祖力亞提‧司馬義譯,2007,《族群社會學:美國及全球視角下的種族和族群關係》。上海:上海人民出版社。 金炳鎬,1994,《民族理論通論》。北京:中央民族大學出版社。 *馬戎編著,2004,《民族社會學..社會學的族群關係研究》。北京:北京大學出版社。 *______,2005,《民族社會學導論》。北京:北京大學出版社。 Farley, John E., 2000, Majority-minority Relations. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Feagin, Joe R., 1989, Racial and Ethnic Relations, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Healey, Joseph F., Andi Stepnick, and Eileen O'Brien, 2019, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, & Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, Inc. Jones, Sian, 1997, The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. New York: Routledge. Karenga, Maulana, 1993, Introduction to Black Studies, 2nd ed. Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press. *Marger, Martin N., 2015, Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives, 10th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Parrillo, Vincent N., 1994, Strangers to These Shores: Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States, 4th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Scupin, Raymond, ed., 2012, Race and Ethnicity: The United States and the World, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Simpson, George Eaton and J. Milton Yinger, 1985, Racial and Cultural Minorities: An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination, 5th ed. New York: Plenum Press. 3). 論文選集(重要論文讀本) *馬戎編,2010,《西方民族社會學經典讀本..種族與族群關係研究》。北京:北京大學出版社。 Ashcroft, Bill, Garreth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin, eds., 1995, The Post-colonial Studies Reader. London: Routledge. Back, Les and John Solomos, eds., 2009, Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader, 2nd ed. London: Routledge. Bobo, Jacqueline, Cynthia Hudley, and Claudine Michel, eds., 2004, The Black Studies Reader. New York: Routledge. Brazie, Jana and Anita Mannur, eds., 2003, Theorizing Diaspora: A Reader. Malden, Md.: Blackwell Publishers. Critical Ethnic Studies Editorial Collective, ed., 2016, Critical Ethnic Studies: A Reader. Durham: Duke University Press. Dines, Gail and Jean M. Humez, eds., 2003a, Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-reader. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Goldberg, David Theo, ed., 1995, Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Guibernau, Montserrat and John Rex, eds., 1997, The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration. Cambridge: Polity Press. *______, eds., 2010, The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press. Harris, Roxy and Roxy Harris, eds., 2003, The Language, Ethnicity and Race Reader. New York: Routledge. *Hutchinson, John and Anthony D. Smith, eds., 1994, Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press. *______, eds., 1996, Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press. Kalbach, Madeline A. and Warren E. Kalbach, eds., 2000, Perspectives on Ethnicity in Canada: A Reader. Toronto: Harcourt Brace. *Sollors, Werner, ed., 1996, Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Macmillan. 4). 重要論文合輯 台灣歷史學會編輯委員會編,2000,《民族問題論文集》。台北縣板橋市:稻香出版社。 邵宗海、楊逢泰、洪泉湖編,1995,《族群問題與族群關係》。台北:幼獅。 施正鋒、謝若蘭編,2008,《加拿大原住民族的土地權實踐》。花蓮縣壽豐鄉:東華大學原住民族學院。 洪泉湖等編著,1997,《族群教育與族群關係》。台北:時英出版社。 *徐正光編,1991,《徘徊於族群與現實之間:客家社會與文化》。台北:正中書局。 *張茂桂等,1993,《族群關係與國家認同》。台北:業強出版社。 喬健編,2007,《底邊階級與邊緣社會》。台北縣新店市:立緒文化事業公司。 喬健等編,2005,《文化、族群與社會的反思》。高雄:麗文文化事業股份有限公司。 劉阿榮編,2006,《多元文化與族群關係》。台北縣深坑鄉:揚智文化。 *蔣斌、何翠萍編,2003,《國家、市場與脈絡化的族群》。台北:中央研究院民族學研究所。 瞿海源等編,2005,《台灣民眾的社會意向(2004):地震、族群、SARS、色情和政治信任》。台北:巨流。 *蕭阿勤、汪宏倫編,2016,《族群、民族與現代國家:經驗與理論的反思》。台北:中央研究院社會學研究所。 *Ahern, Emily Martin and Hill Gates, eds., 1981, The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. *Barth, Fredrik, ed., 1969, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference. London: George Allen and Unwin. *______, ed., 1998, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. Brown, Melissa J., ed., 1996, Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. *Chen, Chung-min, Ying-chang Chuang, and Shu-min Huang, eds., 1994, Ethnicity in Taiwan: Social, Historical, and Cultural Perspectives. Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. Farley, John E., 2000, Majority-minority Relations. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. *Govers, Cora and Hans Vermeulen, eds., 1997, The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. *Harrell, Stevan, ed., 1995, Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ______, ed., 2001, Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China. Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press. Hobsbawm, Eric J. and Terence Ranger, eds., 1983, The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *______, eds., 1992, The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jones, Sian, 1997, The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. New York: Routledge. *Keyes, Charles F., eds., 1981, Ethnic Change. Seattle: University of Washington Press. *Olzak, Susan and Joane Nagel, eds., 1986, Competitive Ethnic Relations. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Parrillo, Vincent N., 1994, Strangers to These Shores: Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States, 4th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. *Rex, John and David Mason, eds., 1986, Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sollors, Werner, eds., 1989, The Invention of Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *Vermeulen, Hans and Cora Govers, eds., 1994, The Anthropology of Ethnicity: Beyond "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries". Amsterdam: Spinhuis. 5). 其他重要著作 孔建勛,2010,《多民族國家的民族政策與族群態度:新加坡、馬來西亞和泰國實證研究》。北京:中國社會科學出版社。 王鑒,2002,《民族教育學》。蘭州市:甘肅教育出版社。 納日碧力戈,2000,《現代背景下的族群建構》。[昆明市]:雲南教育出版社。 郝時遠,2013,《類族辨物:「民族」與「族群」之中西對話》。北京:中國社會科學出版社。 菅志翔,2006,《族群歸屬的自我認同與社會定義:關於保安族的一項專題研究》。北京:民族出版社。 黃兆群,1993,《美國的民族與民族政策》。台北:文津出版社。 寧騷,1995,《民族與國家:民族關係與民族政策的國際比較》。北京:北京大學出版社。 劉額爾敦吐,2012,《中國高校少數民族招生考試政策研究》。武漢市:華中師範大學出版社 。 Aguirre, Adalberto and Jonathon Turner, 1997, American Ethnicity: The Dynamics and Consequences of Discrimination . Boston: McGraw-Hill. Alba, Richard D., 1990, Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Anderson, Elijah, 1990, Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Ansell, Amy Elizabeth, 2013, Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Anthias, Floya and Nira Yuval-Davis, 1992, Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle. London: Routledge. Balibar, Etienne and Immanuel Wallerstein, translation of Etienne Balibar by Chris Turner, 1991, Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. London: Verso. Banks, Marcus, 1996, Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions. New York: Routledge. Banton, Michael, 1998, Racial Theories, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ben-Rafael, Eliezer and Stephen Sharot, 1991, Ethnicity, Religion and Class in Israeli Society. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Berry, John W. and J. A. Laponce, 1994, Ethnicity and Culture in Canada: The Research Landscape. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. Birnir, Johanna Kristin, 2009, Ethnicity and Electoral Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bromley, Yu., translated from the Russian by V. Epstein, 1983, Ethnic Processes. Moscow: Social Sciences Today Editorial Board, USSR Academy of Sciences. Brubaker, Rogers, 1996, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ______, 2004, Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Chandra, Kanchan, 2004, Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chen, Shehong, 2002, Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Comaroff, John L. and Jean Comaroff, 2009, Ethnicity, Inc. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Connor, Walker, 1984, The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Cox, Oliver Cromwell, introduction by Joseph S. Roucek, 1959, Caste, Class, and Race: A Study in Social Dynamics. New York: Monthly Review Press. Delgado, Richard and Jean Stefancic, 2017, Critical Race Theory: An Introduction, 3rd ed. New York: New York University Press. Desmond, Matthew and Mustafa Emirbayer, 2010, Racial Domination, Racial Progress: The Sociology of Race in America. New York: McGraw-Hill. Eriksen, Thomas H., 2010, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives, 3rd ed. New York: Pluto Press. Esman, Milton J., 1994, Ethnic Politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Fenton, Steve, 2010, Ethnicity, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity. Glazer, Nathan and Daniel P. Moynihan, 1963, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ______, 1970, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Gordon, Milton M., 1964, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press. Horowitz, Donald L., 1985, Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ______, 2000, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Revised ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Laitin, David D., 1998, Identity in Formation: The Russian-speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Le Espiritu, Yen, 1992, Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Leach, Edmund R., 1970, Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure. London: Athlone Press. Lijphart, Arend, 1977, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press. Loveman, Mara, 2014, National Colors: Racial Classification and the State in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nagel, Joane, 1996, American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. ______, 2003, Race, Ethnicity, and Sexuality: Intimate Intersections, Forbidden Frontiers. New York: Oxford University Press. Nairn, Tom, 1977, The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism. London: NLB. Olzak, Susan, 2006, The Global Dynamics of Racial and Ethnic Mobilization. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Omi, Michael and Howard Winant, 1986, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ______, 1994, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. ______, 2014, Racial Formation in the United States, 3rd ed. New York: Routledge. Park, Robert E., 1950, Race and Culture. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press. Posner, Daniel N., 2005, Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rex, John, 1986, Race and Ethnicity. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press. Rivas-Drake, Deborah and Adriana J. Umana-Taylor, 2019, Below the Surface: Talking with Teens about Race, Ethnicity, and Identity. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Takaki, Ronald T., 1993, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. Thompson, Richard H., 1989, Theories of Ethnicity: A Critical Appraisal. New York: Greenwood Press. Waters, Mary C., 1990, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. West, Cornel, 1982, Prophesy Deliverance!: An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. Wimmer, Andreas, 2013, Ethnic Boundary Making: Institutions, Power, Networks. New York: Oxford University Press . Yinger, J. Milton, 1994, Ethnicity: Source of Strength? Source of Conflict? Albany: State University of New York Press. Zhou, Min, 1992, Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

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